Fig. 3.1 Chemical structures of the ceramides found in the human stratum corneum. S Sphingosine, P Phytosphingosine, H 6-Hydroxysphingosine, N non-hydroxy fatty acid, A alpha-hydroxy fatty acid, O ω-hydroxy fatty…
Cyclodextrin n R = H or Abbreviation Synonyms MSa MW (Da) Solubilityb (mg/ml) LogK o/w c α-Cyclodextrin 0 αCD Alfadex – 972.8 130 −13 β-Cyclodextrin 1 βCD Betadex…
Fig. 9.1 Stratum corneum structure and main penetration pathways through skin (Adapted from Roberts et al. 2008) Penetrants may cross the skin using a number of routes, i.e. intercellular and…
Fig. 12.1 Relationship between the steady-state flux of lidocaine and prilocaine through regenerated cellulose membrane and their solubility-normalized ratio in phosphate buffer solution: prilocaine (♦), lidocaine (□). Each point represents…
Fig. 22.1 The hospital triad involved in dermatological medicine management and major outcome that should be considered by each protagonist Firstly, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), currently prescribed by dermatologist, exhibit…
Scheme 17.1 A schematic representation of hexagonal phase Whereas cubic liquid crystals are formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent is sufficiently high that they are forced…
Fig. 16.1 Schematic illustration of breakdown processes of emulsions Emulsifiers are required for the formation of emulsions as they form a film around the newly formed drops and consequently prevent…
Fig. 19.1 Optical microscopy picture of an o/w Pickering emulsion of silicone oil stabilized by zinc oxide (ZnO) particles. Addition of a large concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl, 1 mol·L−1)…
Fig. 23.1 Schematic representation of a liposome Particularly, liposomes have been shown to be a promising skin drug delivery system: their use may produce severalfold higher drug concentrations in the…
Fig. 5.1 Schematic illustration of the follicular penetration pathway which has to be divided into two steps: (1) intrafollicular penetration and (2) transfollicular penetration if allowed due to size reasons…
