Emergence of Virulent Staphylococci Overriding Innate Immunity of Skin in Communities
Fig. 18.1 History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Looking back at the history of ß-lactam resistance of S. aureus, we notice we have experienced emergence of three generations of MRSA. The…
Keratinocytes
Fig. 3.1 Overview of epidermal keratinocytes in innate immunity. The keratinocyte is the first cell to come in contact with and sense pathogens. Keratinocytes detect gram-positive bacteria and virus-associated double-stranded…
Overview: Immunology of the Skin
Fig. 1.1 Immunohistochemistry of the skin with S100. The skin consists of the corneum, epidermis, and dermis. The epidermis contains Langerhans cells, and the dermis contains dermal dendritic cells, which…
Viral Infection
dsDNA viruses Poxviridae Molluscum contagiosum virus Herpesviridae α: human herpesvirus 1, 2, 3 (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV) β: human herpesvirus 5, 6, 7 (HCMV, HHV-6, HHV-7) γ: human herpesvirus 4, 8…
Atopic Dermatitis: Common Extrinsic and Enigmatic Intrinsic Types
Fig. 21.1 AD spectrum based on extrinsic and intrinsic AD dichotomy. AD can be divided into barrier-disrupted high-IgE extrinsic type and barrier-nondisrupted normal IgE intrinsic type. Some of the patients…
Platelets
Chemokines CXCL1 (growth-related oncogene-α) CXCL4 (PF-4) CXCL5 (epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78) CXCL7 (β-TG) CXCL8 (interleukin-8) CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) CCL1 (I-309) CCL2 (macrophage chemotactic protein-1) CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) CCL5 (RANTES)…
Innate Immunity
Group PRR PAMPs and DAMPs Source of PAMPs and DAMPs TLRs TLR1/2 Triacyl lipopeptides Bacteria TLR2 Peptidoglycan Gram (+) bacteria, e.g., S. aureus Glycolipids Mycobacteria Phosphilipomannan C. albicans TLR3 dsRNA…
