Histology: On biopsy, the hallmark of porokeratosis is recognition of the cornoid lamella. The cornoid lamella is the pathological representation of the hyperkeratotic peripheral rim of tissue seen on clinical…

Treatment: Simple surgical excision is curative. The recurrence rate is minimal. These cysts typically are removed very easily after excision through the overlying skin into the cyst wall. The cyst…

Pathogenesis: Primary forms of osteoma cutis show intramembranous ossification that is centered within the dermis. There is no preceding cartilage formation to act as a scaffolding for the bone to…

Treatment: Complete excision is diagnostic and curative. The tumors rarely recur after elliptical excision. They have no malignant potential, and patients can be reassured that they do not have any…

Treatment: If treatment is undertaken, complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice. This not only removes the lesion but also removes the risk of malignant potential. Another approach is…

Use of the 1064-nm neodymium:yttrium-aluminumgarnet (Nd:YAG) laser has resulted in the most success in treating these lesions, and it can be used in patients of almost any skin type. Q-switching…

Treatment: These solitary lesions are best excised surgically; this gives the best cosmetic result and the best cure rate. Multiple lesions can be left alone after a diagnosis is made….

Pathogenesis: The cause is unknown, but the cysts are believed to be derived from the hair follicle, sebaceous gland, or eccrine gland epithelium. Secondary milia occur after subepidermal blistering or…

Histology: Individual neurofibromas have a well-circumscribed, spindle-shaped proliferation within the dermis. No capsule is present. Schwann cell proliferation and proliferation of the axonal components of the nerve are seen. Many…

Large congenital nevi present the biggest treatment difficulty because of the high rate of malignant transformation. If possible, serial excisions to remove large nevi are the best option. Tissue expanders…