Fig. 17.1 Differences in structure between young and aged skin (Reproduced with permission from Farage [6]) 17.2.1 Epidermis This outer layer of the skin is composed primarily of keratinocytes, which…
Hormone or binding protein Younger adults Older adults Men Reference Women (premenopause) Reference Men Reference Women (postmenopause) Reference DHEAS ≈12 μmol/L Labrie et al. [2] ≈ 6 μmol/L Labrie et…
Continent Country First author Number of subjects Age range Mean age Median age Europe Europe Dratva [41] 5,288 30–60 54 North America United States Gold [36] 3,302 40–55 52.54 Asia…
Fig. 33.1 (a) Pre-procedure. (b) Seven days postoperative radiofrequency in lower eyelid. (c) Thirty days postoperative radiofrequency plus treatment with hyaluronic acid dermal filler Fig. 33.2 (a) Pre-procedure. (b) Immediately…
Site Menopausal statusa Observation Significanceb Reference Water barrier function (TEWL, g/m2·h) Forearm Premenopausal 3.7 ± 0.4 p < 0.05 Elsner and Maibach [6] Postmenopausal 2.6 ± 0.3 Vulva Premenopausal 14.8 ± 1.5 n.s. Postmenopausal 13.5 ± 1.8 Friction coefficient,…
Fig. 30.1 Relationship between estrogen and a woman’s reproductive phases and the occurrence of hot flushes. The reproductive phase is characterized by cyclic and predictable estrogen levels. During perimenopause, hormones…
Instrument Author Domains Score Cervantes Scale (CS) Palacios et al. [17] Four Responses are scored on a scale of 0–5. Since the CS is a negative scale, its “positive items”…
Dimensions A 36-item Short Form Health Survey SF-36 [28] Menopausal quality of life, MENQOL [26] Women’s Health Questionnaire, WHQ [28] 1 Physical functioning Vasomotor function Depressed mood 2 Role function…
Fig. 6.1 Human skin is structurally altered with age. Left inner arm skin from a young subject with abundant rete ridges. Right inner arm skin from an aged subject lacks…
Fig. 26.1 Possible explanation for increased rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women. Blue and pink represent testosterone (Te) and estrogen (E2), respectively. As men and women age the estrogen to testosterone…
