Fig. 20.1 Schematic representation of radical polymerization. Hydrogels are formed by the copolymerization of HEMA with EGDMA using AIBN as the radical initiator Fig. 20.2 Preparation of PVA hydrogels cross-linked…

Fig. 1.1 A diagrammatic representation of the structure of human skin in cross section. The epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. Diagram is not to…

Fig. 11.1 Diagram showing the critical degree of supersaturation (DS) and the different stability states of supersaturated systems The advantages of supersaturated systems for percutaneous penetration were first recognized by…

Fig. 7.1 In normal human skin (NHS), the SC may be subdivided into SC compactum, where the principal permeability barrier resides, and SC disjunctum, where the desquamation process takes place….

Fig. 18.1 (a) Optical appearance and cryo-TEM image of a translucent nanoemulsion (Reprinted from Sonneville-Aubrun et al. (2004), p. 146, with permission of Elsevier). (b) Cryo-TEM image of nano-sized oil…

Fig. 4.1 Molecular organization of the skin barrier. The stratum corneum lipid layer is organized as stacked bilayers of fully extended ceramides with cholesterol molecules associated with the ceramide sphingoid…

Fig. 2.1 Transmission electron micrograph of several epidermal lamellar granules. Bar = 200 nm Since lamellar granules are lipid-rich, they have a low buoyant density. This unique property has been exploited to…

Fig. 8.1 Targets in dermal and transdermal drug delivery Topical delivery can be defined as the application of a drug-containing formulation to the skin to directly treat cutaneous disorders or…