Fig. 22.1 The hospital triad involved in dermatological medicine management and major outcome that should be considered by each protagonist Firstly, active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), currently prescribed by dermatologist, exhibit…

Scheme 17.1 A schematic representation of hexagonal phase Whereas cubic liquid crystals are formed when the concentration of micelles dispersed in a solvent is sufficiently high that they are forced…

Fig. 16.1 Schematic illustration of breakdown processes of emulsions Emulsifiers are required for the formation of emulsions as they form a film around the newly formed drops and consequently prevent…

Fig. 19.1 Optical microscopy picture of an o/w Pickering emulsion of silicone oil stabilized by zinc oxide (ZnO) particles. Addition of a large concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl, 1 mol·L−1)…

Fig. 23.1 Schematic representation of a liposome Particularly, liposomes have been shown to be a promising skin drug delivery system: their use may produce severalfold higher drug concentrations in the…

Fig. 5.1 Schematic illustration of the follicular penetration pathway which has to be divided into two steps: (1) intrafollicular penetration and (2) transfollicular penetration if allowed due to size reasons…

(13.1) Where z + and z − are the charge numbers of the ions, ε r is the relative dielectric constant of the medium and T is the absolute temperature….

Fig. 21.1 Structure of lecithin 21.3 Physicochemical Properties of Lecithin Organogels 21.3.1 Viscoelasticity The viscous and elastic nature of LOs follows the Maxwell model of viscoelasticity (Toshiyuki et al. 2003;…

Fig. 15.1 Pathways of a compound from the topically applied product to the intended localization (Modified after Daniels and Knie (2007)) The ability of a drug to be liberated from…

(10.1) 10.2 Basis for Prodrugs as Penetration Enhancers Although increasing the “push” can be easily accomplished by manipulating the components of the vehicle in which the drug is applied (its…