Fig. 29.1 Alopecia areata, patchy type. Nonscarring patches of alopecia on the posterior scalp of an AA patient Fig. 29.2 Alopecia areata totalis. Alopecia involving the entire scalp in a…

Fig. 23.1 Contact allergens and irritants cause tissue stress and damage. ROS are induced and stressed or damaged cells release and or/produce danger signals such as PRR-activating DAMPs. Additional danger…

Fig. 43.1 Cytokine cascade resulting in clinical lesions of psoriasis. Interleukin 23 leads to production of IL-17 and IL-22 resulting in keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal maturation. Additionally, the altered keratinocytes…

(1) Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 52-121 Center for Health Science, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA (2) Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine,…

Fig. 37.1 Schematic for granuloma formation. Monocyte/macrophage (Mo/Mac) interaction with an antigen provokes an inflammatory response. Under influence of various cytokines and chemokines, some Mo/Macs undergo cell fusion to form…

Fig. 22.1 Spectrum of atopic/eczematous dermatitis. List of genes in which mutations can cause eczematous dermatitis associated with staphylococcal colonization bacterial and fungal infections, and other clinical manifestations such as…

Fig. 10.1 Schematic diagram of the sun’s radiation reaching the earth’s surface The UV spectrum is subdivided into UVC (100–290 nm), UVB (290–320 nm), and UVA (320–400 nm) radiation. The…