Fig. 13.1 The PassPort™ patch (a) and the array of filaments (b) on the PassPort™ system Fig. 13.2 Handheld applicator of the PassPort™ system The moxibustion therapy is based on…
(6.1) where t #.max.drug; z drug and F are the maximum transport number achievable for the drug, the valence of the drug and the Faraday constant, respectively. Alternatively, the input…
Fig. 11.1 Comparison between some fundamental properties of a typical ultrasound wave of 1 MHz (dashed line), a photoacoustic wave generated by Mn-TPP in polystyrene (solid line) and a shock…
Magnet characteristics Experimental model Compound applied Passive permeation μg/cm2/h Magnetophoretic permeation μg/cm2/h Enhancement ratio References Permanent magnets (0.01–0.05 mT) Excised abdominal skin of albino rats Benzoic acid (saturated solution) ≈1.8–2.6…
where V m is the transmembrane potential, ƒ is a function describing the electrical and geometrical properties of the cell, E is the strength of applied electric field, r is…
Fig. 24.1 Schematic illustration of microneedle array made by acupuncture needles. (a) Top view, (b) back view, (c) one needle. Each needle tapered over a 400-μm length to a sharp…
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques Others deposition techniques Thermal evaporation Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) Epitaxy Sputtering Atmospheric pressure CVD Casting Molecule beam epitaxy Low pressure CVD…
(5.1) where D i, c i, and u i are the diffusion coefficient, concentration, and electrical mobility of ion i and v w represents the linear velocity of the convective…
Fig. 16.1 The degree of stratum corneum removal after treatment with microdermabrasion. (a) Partial stratum corneum removal, (b) complete stratum corneum removal with intact epidermis, and (c) complete epidermis removal….
Fig. 30.1 Skin vaccination methods (This figure was modified and redrawn from following reference (Mitragotri 2005; Kis et al. 2012)) 30.2 Intradermal Injection In present medical practice, most vaccines are…
