Fig. 18.1 History of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Looking back at the history of ß-lactam resistance of S. aureus, we notice we have experienced emergence of three generations of MRSA. The…
Fig. 3.1 Overview of epidermal keratinocytes in innate immunity. The keratinocyte is the first cell to come in contact with and sense pathogens. Keratinocytes detect gram-positive bacteria and virus-associated double-stranded…
Fig. 1.1 Immunohistochemistry of the skin with S100. The skin consists of the corneum, epidermis, and dermis. The epidermis contains Langerhans cells, and the dermis contains dermal dendritic cells, which…
dsDNA viruses Poxviridae Molluscum contagiosum virus Herpesviridae α: human herpesvirus 1, 2, 3 (HSV-1, HSV-2, VZV) β: human herpesvirus 5, 6, 7 (HCMV, HHV-6, HHV-7) γ: human herpesvirus 4, 8…
Fig. 21.1 AD spectrum based on extrinsic and intrinsic AD dichotomy. AD can be divided into barrier-disrupted high-IgE extrinsic type and barrier-nondisrupted normal IgE intrinsic type. Some of the patients…
Chemokines CXCL1 (growth-related oncogene-α) CXCL4 (PF-4) CXCL5 (epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78) CXCL7 (β-TG) CXCL8 (interleukin-8) CXCL12 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) CCL1 (I-309) CCL2 (macrophage chemotactic protein-1) CCL3 (macrophage inflammatory protein-1α) CCL5 (RANTES)…
Group PRR PAMPs and DAMPs Source of PAMPs and DAMPs TLRs TLR1/2 Triacyl lipopeptides Bacteria TLR2 Peptidoglycan Gram (+) bacteria, e.g., S. aureus Glycolipids Mycobacteria Phosphilipomannan C. albicans TLR3 dsRNA…
Fig. 29.1 Electron microscopy of a malignant T cell in a patient with Sézary syndrome with characteristic prominent polychromatic cerebriform nucleus. Scale bar 2 μm From an immunological perspective, patients with…
