Fig. 19.1 Optical microscopy picture of an o/w Pickering emulsion of silicone oil stabilized by zinc oxide (ZnO) particles. Addition of a large concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl, 1 mol·L−1)…
Fig. 23.1 Schematic representation of a liposome Particularly, liposomes have been shown to be a promising skin drug delivery system: their use may produce severalfold higher drug concentrations in the…
Fig. 5.1 Schematic illustration of the follicular penetration pathway which has to be divided into two steps: (1) intrafollicular penetration and (2) transfollicular penetration if allowed due to size reasons…
(13.1) Where z + and z − are the charge numbers of the ions, ε r is the relative dielectric constant of the medium and T is the absolute temperature….
Fig. 21.1 Structure of lecithin 21.3 Physicochemical Properties of Lecithin Organogels 21.3.1 Viscoelasticity The viscous and elastic nature of LOs follows the Maxwell model of viscoelasticity (Toshiyuki et al. 2003;…
Fig. 15.1 Pathways of a compound from the topically applied product to the intended localization (Modified after Daniels and Knie (2007)) The ability of a drug to be liberated from…
(10.1) 10.2 Basis for Prodrugs as Penetration Enhancers Although increasing the “push” can be easily accomplished by manipulating the components of the vehicle in which the drug is applied (its…
Fig. 20.1 Schematic representation of radical polymerization. Hydrogels are formed by the copolymerization of HEMA with EGDMA using AIBN as the radical initiator Fig. 20.2 Preparation of PVA hydrogels cross-linked…
Fig. 1.1 A diagrammatic representation of the structure of human skin in cross section. The epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. Diagram is not to…
Fig. 11.1 Diagram showing the critical degree of supersaturation (DS) and the different stability states of supersaturated systems The advantages of supersaturated systems for percutaneous penetration were first recognized by…
