Treatment of the perioral region, the neck and scars
Abstract Botulinum toxin can be effective in balancing the muscles of the perioral area as they age. The author avoids paralysing the muscles of the upper lip by eliminating upper…
The art of patient selection and short- and long-term management
Abstract It is important to carefully select patients for botulinum toxin rejuvenation treatment. It must be clear to the patient what the injection will do and how it works. The…
Contraindications and complications
Abstract Patients with neuromuscular diseases, such as myasthenia gravis, must be warned that botulinum toxin could potentiate their weakness. Some drugs, such as aminoglycosides and anaesthetic agents, will interfere with…
Patient preparation and injection skills
Abstract The main serotypes of botulinum toxin comprise different concentration measurements. Each must be reconstituted specifically for its own brand, and doses must not be interchanged. However, BOTOX and Xeomin…
Patient selection: The art of understanding neuromodulation and symmetry
Abstract Most faces are asymmetrical, with asymmetrical bone structure and therefore overlying muscle volume. The art is to see the difference in sizes and actions of the muscle groups to…
Clinical indications and use
Abstract Botulinum toxin is used for cosmetic (45%) and noncosmetic (55%) indications. It is effective as a skeletal muscle relaxant, an antispasticity agent, for essential tremor and for trigeminal neuralgia….
Botulinum toxin: Mode of action and serotypes
Abstract Botulinum toxin comprises a light and a heavy chain protein molecule. The heavy chain attaches the molecule to the nerve membrane, allowing the light chain to reach the site…
Liposuction, Ultrasound-assisted and Powered: Fat Reduction
Key Messages • Tumescent liposuction was developed and continues to be widely practiced by dermatologic surgeons • The tumescent local anesthesia offers significant safety benefits over general anesthesia • Ultrasonic…
Subcision: Cellulite Reduction
Key Messages • Subcision is a simple procedure to correct depressed cellulite lesions • There is relationship between fibrous septa and depressed lesions, as shown in the literature • Performed…
Lasers and Lights: Cellulite Reduction
Key Messages • Laser and light-based modalities are one of the latest advances in the treatment of cellulite • External light irradiation has the capacity to trigger a photobiomodulatory effect…
