Plastic Surgery Key

(13.1) Where z + and z − are the charge numbers of the ions, ε r is the relative dielectric constant of the medium and T is the absolute temperature….

Fig. 21.1 Structure of lecithin 21.3 Physicochemical Properties of Lecithin Organogels 21.3.1 Viscoelasticity The viscous and elastic nature of LOs follows the Maxwell model of viscoelasticity (Toshiyuki et al. 2003;…

Fig. 15.1 Pathways of a compound from the topically applied product to the intended localization (Modified after Daniels and Knie (2007)) The ability of a drug to be liberated from…

(10.1) 10.2 Basis for Prodrugs as Penetration Enhancers Although increasing the “push” can be easily accomplished by manipulating the components of the vehicle in which the drug is applied (its…

Fig. 20.1 Schematic representation of radical polymerization. Hydrogels are formed by the copolymerization of HEMA with EGDMA using AIBN as the radical initiator Fig. 20.2 Preparation of PVA hydrogels cross-linked…

Fig. 1.1 A diagrammatic representation of the structure of human skin in cross section. The epidermis is composed of the stratum corneum and the viable epidermis. Diagram is not to…

Fig. 11.1 Diagram showing the critical degree of supersaturation (DS) and the different stability states of supersaturated systems The advantages of supersaturated systems for percutaneous penetration were first recognized by…

Fig. 7.1 In normal human skin (NHS), the SC may be subdivided into SC compactum, where the principal permeability barrier resides, and SC disjunctum, where the desquamation process takes place….

Fig. 18.1 (a) Optical appearance and cryo-TEM image of a translucent nanoemulsion (Reprinted from Sonneville-Aubrun et al. (2004), p. 146, with permission of Elsevier). (b) Cryo-TEM image of nano-sized oil…

Fig. 4.1 Molecular organization of the skin barrier. The stratum corneum lipid layer is organized as stacked bilayers of fully extended ceramides with cholesterol molecules associated with the ceramide sphingoid…