Type of death Characteristics Molecular markers Critical signaling molecules Apoptosis Can be induced by extracellular (TNF-α, FasL, TLRs…) or intracellular (ROS, cytochrome-c) stimuli Initiated by formation of the apoptosome Considered…
Fig. 18.1 Cutaneous leishmaniasis Fig. 18.2 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in an HIV-infected man Fig. 18.3 Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in an non-HIV-infected boy Early Events in the Immune Response In humans, the disease…
Immunosuppressant eras Time period Agent(s) used Organs transplanted Experimental era 1954–1962 Prednisone alone Kidneys of identical twins Azathioprine era 1962–1983 Prednisone & azathioprine Cadaveric kidneys Cyclosporine era 1983–1990 Cyclosporine Extra-renal…
Fig. 32.1 Potential sources of myofibroblasts. Myofibroblasts, besides resulting from the differentiation of normal cutaneous resident fibroblasts, may also derive from several cellular sources, including pericytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells,…
(1) Mill Hill Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK (2) St. John’s Institute of Dermatology, King’s College London, London, UK Paola Di Meglio Email: paola.dimeglio@crick.ac.uk Abstract Psoriasis is a…
Fig. 15.1 Effect of cytokines on T helper (Th) cell development. Schematic depicts a mature dendritic cell (APC) in the lymph node presenting antigen (black oval) in the context of…
Fig. 7.1 Antibody structure and immunoglobulin locus organization. (a) Structure of an individual antibody molecule. Highlighted are the immunoglobulin light chains (IgL, blue) and heavy chains (IgH, black), the disulfide…
Fig. 29.1 Alopecia areata, patchy type. Nonscarring patches of alopecia on the posterior scalp of an AA patient Fig. 29.2 Alopecia areata totalis. Alopecia involving the entire scalp in a…
Fig. 23.1 Contact allergens and irritants cause tissue stress and damage. ROS are induced and stressed or damaged cells release and or/produce danger signals such as PRR-activating DAMPs. Additional danger…
Fig. 43.1 Cytokine cascade resulting in clinical lesions of psoriasis. Interleukin 23 leads to production of IL-17 and IL-22 resulting in keratinocyte hyperproliferation and abnormal maturation. Additionally, the altered keratinocytes…
