Fig. 9.1 The electrochemical transdermal device (ECTD). (a) Schematic cross section through the electrochemical patch. A external voltage source, B hydrogel, C spacer, D backing foil, E adhesive layers, F…
Fig. 18.1 Approaches aiming at facilitation of peptide/protein transport across the skin This chapter will focus on the use of microneedle (MN) arrays as medical devices to disrupt the barrier…
Fig. 13.1 The PassPort™ patch (a) and the array of filaments (b) on the PassPort™ system Fig. 13.2 Handheld applicator of the PassPort™ system The moxibustion therapy is based on…
(6.1) where t #.max.drug; z drug and F are the maximum transport number achievable for the drug, the valence of the drug and the Faraday constant, respectively. Alternatively, the input…
Fig. 11.1 Comparison between some fundamental properties of a typical ultrasound wave of 1 MHz (dashed line), a photoacoustic wave generated by Mn-TPP in polystyrene (solid line) and a shock…
Magnet characteristics Experimental model Compound applied Passive permeation μg/cm2/h Magnetophoretic permeation μg/cm2/h Enhancement ratio References Permanent magnets (0.01–0.05 mT) Excised abdominal skin of albino rats Benzoic acid (saturated solution) ≈1.8–2.6…
where V m is the transmembrane potential, ƒ is a function describing the electrical and geometrical properties of the cell, E is the strength of applied electric field, r is…
Fig. 24.1 Schematic illustration of microneedle array made by acupuncture needles. (a) Top view, (b) back view, (c) one needle. Each needle tapered over a 400-μm length to a sharp…
Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques Others deposition techniques Thermal evaporation Plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) Epitaxy Sputtering Atmospheric pressure CVD Casting Molecule beam epitaxy Low pressure CVD…
(5.1) where D i, c i, and u i are the diffusion coefficient, concentration, and electrical mobility of ion i and v w represents the linear velocity of the convective…
