(1)
Hôpital Universitaire de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
Abstract
Palpable lesions may be solid or contain fluid; in the latter case, one must refer to the chapter dedicated to fluid-filled lesions (vesicles, bullae, or pustules, in Chaps. 5, 28, and 29).
Palpable lesions may be solid or contain fluid; in the latter case, one must refer to the chapter dedicated to fluid-filled lesions (vesicles, bullae, or pustules, in Chaps. 5, 28, and 29).
Solid lesions are categorized according to shape and size. On white skin, it is convenient to differentiate solid lesions according to their color and to the presence of potential alterations of their surfaces, as is done with macules. Papules, plaques, and nodules have the same causes and will therefore be addressed together. Deep-seated nodules indicate an involvement of either the fatty lobules or the inter-adipose septa or the cutaneous vessels lined with muscular walls. Palpable lesions bearing surface alterations such as scaly erythematous lesions, and necrotic lesions are discussed later (Chap. 39). The causes of facial, acral, and periarticular papules are addressed in Chap. 37. The causes of keratodermas are recalled in Chap. 38, as this situation is often encountered in medical practice.
30.1 Single Lesions
Single lesions must first and foremost be suspected as being tumoral, benign, or malignant. An evolving lesion, which is heterogeneous, irregular, asymmetrical, or ulcerated, must be considered as malignant, particularly if it is pigmented. A dermal or deeper-seated nodule, especially when hard, must raise the possibility of a metastasis. Certain tumoral lesions have a characteristic clinical appearance (cylindroma, seborrheic keratosis, nodular basal cell carcinoma, etc.). Certain tumors are painful: eccrine spiradenoma, tricho- and angioleiomyoma, angiolipoma, neuroma, neurilemmoma (or schwannoma), glomus tumor, certain pilomatricomas, painful piezogenic papules, and painful nodule of the ear are the most typical. Numerous other palpable lesions can be painful (e.g., abscesses, erythema nodosum, granuloma annulare of the extremities). Biopsy provides the final ruling for any skin tumor which has not been clinically identified.