A

Abdominal fat grafting, in superficial parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 236

Acellular dermal matrix (ADM), in superficial parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 235, 237

Acoustic rhinometry (AR), in NAO measurement, 317, 319

controversies of, 319–320

Advancement flap. See Superficial muscular aponeurotic system advancement flap.

Age of patient, as facelift controversy, 358

as facial reanimation controversy, 276–278, 280, 282–283

septorhinoplasty timing and, 248, 330–331

Airflow, nasal, normal, through valve, 221–222

objective measures of, 318–319

principles of, 315–316

Airway. See Nasal airway.

Alar batten grafts, for NVD, 226, 229

Alar collapse, in NAO, 318

Alar rim grafts, for NVD, 226, 230–231

Allogenic grafts, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Alloplastic materials, absorbable vs. nonabsorbable, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

antibiotics use with, 351–352

in revision rhinoplasty, 337–338

Allotransplantation, composite tissue, 367. See also Facial transplantation.

ALT flap. See Anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap.

American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) rating scales, in EBM, for diagnostic studies, 267–268

for prognostic/risk studies, 267–268

for therapeutic studies, 267

Anastomoses, microvascular, in CTA, 367, 369

nasal injection cautions related to, 384

Angiography, CT, for CTA, 369

Angiosomes, in CTA, 369

Animal models/studies, of septorhinoplasty, in pediatric patient, 246–247

Antebrachial cutaneous nerve, medial, in smile reanimation, 283–284

Anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap, in total parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 239–240

with radical defects, 240, 242

Anthropometric studies, of septorhinoplasty, in pediatric patient, 247

Antibiotics, use in facial plastic surgery, 347–356

alloplastic implantation and, 351–352

blepharoplasty and, 350–351

introduction to, 347

key points of, 347

maxillofacial trauma and, 352–355

expert practice survey of, 352, 355

highest-quality studies of, 352–354

resurfacing and, 352

rhinoplasty and, 347–350

patients not receiving prophylaxis, 348

patients receiving prophylaxis, 349–350

patients receiving prophylaxis compared to placebos or no treatment, 348–349

revision, 342, 344

rhytidectomy and, 351

septoplasty and, 347–350

patients not receiving prophylaxis, 348

patients receiving prophylaxis, 349–350

patients receiving prophylaxis compared to placebos or no treatment, 348–349

Anticoagulation prophylaxis, bleeding risk with procedures, 310–311

stratified by risk score, 310–311

for VTE prevention, post-free flap surgery, 310–312

Anticoagulation protocols, for flap prophylaxis, in free flap surgery, 312

AR. See Acoustic rhinometry (AR).

Artecoll injection, in the nose, 384

Arterial insufficiency, in CTA, 369

Arterial spasm, in free flap surgery, 313

Aspirin regimen, for flap prophylaxis, in free flap surgery, 312

ASPS scales. See American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) rating scales.

Augmentation, dorsal grafts for, in revision rhinoplasty, 337–338, 340–341

volume, as facelift controversy, 363–364

Auricular cartilage grafts, in primary rhinoplasty, 332

Auricular nerve graft, in facial reanimation, 276

in radical parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 240

Autogenous grafts, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Autologous fat transfer, as facelift controversy, 363–364

HA injectables vs., 384, 387

nasal injection techniques for, 383–384

Autologous grafts, in revision rhinoplasty, 337–338

rib cartilage as, 339–340

Autonomy, as facial transplantation issue, 374–375

Autospreader flaps, in primary rhinoplasty, 330

in revision rhinoplasty, 341–342

Autospreader grafts, for NVD, 226–228

B

Babysitter procedures, in smile reanimation, 285–286

Bacterial colonization, of nasal cavity, 347

Batten grafts, alar, for NVD, 226, 229

Belotero injection, in the nose, 380–382

Beneficence, as facial transplantation issue, 374–375

Bernoulli effect, of airflow, 316

Bernoulli principle, of NVD, 221

Biomaterials, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Bleeding risk, with anticoagulation prophylaxis, procedure-related, 310–311

stratified by risk score, 310–311

Blepharoplasty, antibiotics use with, 350–351

Bone grafts, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Botulinum toxin type A, for nasal tip drooping, 381–382

Butterfly grafts, for NVD, 226, 230–232

in primary rhinoplasty, 330

B

Babysitter procedures, in smile reanimation, 285–286

Bacterial colonization, of nasal cavity, 347

Batten grafts, alar, for NVD, 226, 229

Belotero injection, in the nose, 380–382

Beneficence, as facial transplantation issue, 374–375

Bernoulli effect, of airflow, 316

Bernoulli principle, of NVD, 221

Biomaterials, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Bleeding risk, with anticoagulation prophylaxis, procedure-related, 310–311

stratified by risk score, 310–311

Blepharoplasty, antibiotics use with, 350–351

Bone grafts, for orbital fracture management, 300–301

Botulinum toxin type A, for nasal tip drooping, 381–382

Butterfly grafts, for NVD, 226, 230–232

in primary rhinoplasty, 330

C

Cable nerve grafting, in radical parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 240–241

Cadaver specimen, in revision rhinoplasty, 339

of nose, 329

Calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) injection, complications of, 382–383

in revision rhinoplasty, 340–341

in the nose, 382–383

paradigm and physical attributes of, 380–381

Caprini risk score, for VTE, 310

Caregiver, for cleft lip and palate patient, NAM effect on, poor compliance as, 259–260

psychosocial benefits as, 256

Cartilage, nasal, growth in neonates, 245–246

lower lateral. See Lower lateral cartilage (LLC).

pediatric septorhinoplasty and, 252, 331

septal. See Nasal septal cartilage.

septodorsal, in neonatal nasal growth, 245

structure of, 315

upper lateral. See Upper lateral cartilage (ULC).

quadrangular, in nasal valve management, 220–221

Cartilage grafts, costal. See Rib cartilage grafts.

for orbital fracture management, 301

in primary rhinoplasty, 328–330

for younger patient, 331–332

in revision rhinoplasty, controversies of, 339–340

diced vs. solid, 340

injectable, 340

injectable, in revision rhinoplasty, 340

Cartilage warping, autogenous, in revision rhinoplasty, 339–340

Cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumor, extirpation of, facial reanimation techniques following, 280

CFNG. See Cross-facial nerve graft (CFNG).

Chemoprophylaxis, for VTE, 310

Chemoreception, as nasal function, 315–316

Cleft deformity, congenital. See Nasal cleft deformity.

Cleft lip and cleft palate, in pediatric patient, 255–264

introduction to, 255

key points of, 255

metaanalysis of, 261–262

nasoalveolar molding for, 255–256

benefits of, 256–259

caregiver benefits of, psychosocial, 256

caregiver compliance with, poor, 259–260

clinical benefits of, 256–257

lack of, 260–261

costs of, increased short-term, 260

overall reduction with, 259

effect on facial growth, 260

effect on nasal appearance, in bilateral deformity, 257–258

in unilateral deformity, 256

opposition to, 259–261

review articles of, 261–262

speech development and, 259

presurgical infant orthopedics for, 255–256, 259–260

septorhinoplasty for, 248

summary of, 262

Cleft palate. See Cleft lip and cleft palate.

Clinical assessment, in flap monitoring, post-free flap surgery, 313

Clinical efficacy outcomes, of EBM, in facial plastic surgery, 269

Clinical practice guidelines, from EBM, for facial plastic surgery, 266–268

Clinical studies, of EBM, for facial plastic surgery, 266–267, 269. See also Levels of evidence (LOE) rating scales.

of septorhinoplasty, in pediatric patient, 247

Clinician-reported outcomes, of EBM, in facial plastic surgery, 268–269

Closed treatment, of subcondylar fractures, 299, 302–304

Clot prevention, anticoagulation for, post-free flap surgery, 310–312

CN. See Cranial nerve (CN) transfers.

Coaptation, with dual innervation, of free muscle transfers, 292–293

Collapse, alar, in NAO, 318

of lateral nasal sidewall. See Lateral nasal sidewall collapse.

of middle vault, 324

of nasal valve, 220, 222–223

measures of, 224–225, 318

Composite tissue allotransplantation (CTA), 367. See also Facial transplantation.

Computational fluid dynamics, in NAO measurement, 320

Computed tomography (CT), in NAO measurement, 319–320

in outcome measures, of nasal valve surgery, 225

of traumatic fractures, 299

intraoperative, 301–302

timing of, 299–300

Computed tomography (CT) angiography, for CTA, 369

Congenital nasal defects, in pediatric patient. See also Cleft entries.

repair of. See Nasoalveolar molding (NAM).

septorhinoplasty for, 248–250

Consent, informed, for pediatric septorhinoplasty, 251

Conservative management, of NAO, in pediatric patient, 250

Conservative septoplasty maneuver, in pediatric patient, 331–332

Contralateral facial nerve graft, in smile reanimation, 283–284

Corrective rhinoplasty, in younger patient, 330–332

Corticosteroid injections, in the nose, 384, 386

Cosmetic rhinoplasty, in younger patient, 330–331

Costal cartilage grafts. See Rib cartilage grafts.

Cost-effectiveness, of facial transplantation, 376

Costs, of NAM, for cleft lip and palate, increased short-term, 260

overall reduction, 259

Cottle maneuver, for NAO, 316, 318

controversies of, 319

for NVD, 224

modified, 224, 318

CPA (cerebellopontine angle) tumor, extirpation of, facial reanimation techniques following, 280

Cranial nerve (CN) transfers, in smile reanimation, V to VII, 283–286

XII-VII, 285

Crooked nose, spreader grafts for, 328

Cross-facial nerve graft (CFNG), in smile reanimation, gracilis muscle transfer with, 289–291

masseteric innervation vs., 291–292

with direct reinnervation, 283–284

with dual innervation, 285–286

Crural strut grafts, lateral, for NVD, 226, 229–230

Crural turn-in grafts, lateral, for NVD, 226, 229–230

CTA (composite tissue allotransplantation), 367. See also Facial transplantation.

Cultures, of post-revision rhinoplasty infections, 342, 344

D

Deep-plane rhytidectomy, as facelift controversy, 360–362

Dermabrasion, in nasal reconstruction, 387–388

Dermatitis, post-facial transplantation, acute rejection vs., 373–374

Dextran regimen, for flap prophylaxis, in free flap surgery, 312

Diagnostic studies, of EBM, ASPS rating scales for, 267–268

Diced cartilage grafts, in revision rhinoplasty, 340

Dignity, as facial transplantation issue, 374–375

Displacement, in orbital fracture management, 300

Donor site, of rib cartilage grafts, in primary rhinoplasty, 332

Donor vessels, for CTA, 369

Doppler, implantable, in flap monitoring, post-free flap surgery, 313

Doppler flowometry, laser, in flap monitoring, post-free flap surgery, 313

Dorsal augmentation grafts, in revision rhinoplasty, 337–338, 340–341

Dorsal graft fixation, in revision rhinoplasty, 339

Dorsum. See Nasal dorsum.

Dual innervation, of free muscle transfers, in smile reanimation, 292–293

Dynamic facial reanimation, controversies with, 277, 280–294

gracilis muscle transfer in, for smile reanimation, 294

key principles of, 276

static vs., 275–276

Dynamic obstruction/collapse, of nasal valve, 221–223

external, 223

internal, 222

E

e FACE (electronic facial paralysis assessment tool), 277

EBM. See Evidence-based medicine (EBM).

Edema, soft tissue, post-rhinoplasty, injectables for, 382

Endoscopic harvesting, of rib cartilage grafts, 339

Endoscopic repair, of subcondylar fractures, 304

Enophthalmos, in orbital fracture management, 300

Erythema, post-facial transplantation, acute rejection vs., 374

Ethical issues, of facial transplantation, 374–376

Evidence-based medicine (EBM), in facial plastic surgery, 265–274

challenges of, 272–273

clinical practice guidelines for, 266–268

facial reanimation outcomes of, 269–272

introduction to, 265–266

key points of, 265

levels of evidence for, 266–267

rating scales, 266–268

outcome measures for, 268–269

with facial reanimation, 269–272

recommendation grades for, 267–268

in facial reanimation, 277

Expanded polytetrafluorethylene, in revision rhinoplasty, 338

Expert practice survey, of antibiotic use in maxillofacial trauma, 352, 355

Extender graft, split fascia lata, in temporalis tendon transfer, for smile reanimation, 287–288

External valve, collapse of, dynamic, 223

in NAO, 318

in nasal valve management, 220–221, 225

External valve zone, of lateral nasal sidewall collapse, 220, 222

Eyelid reanimation, in smile reanimation, 283

Eye-tracking technology, for facial reanimation outcomes, in EBM, 271–272

F

Facelift, controversies of, 357–366

autologous fat transfer as, 363–364

flap length as, 357, 360

full scope of techniques as, 357, 359–363

historical perspective of, 357–358

implants as, 363

incisions as, 357, 359

introduction to, 357

key points of, 357

less invasive procedures as, 358, 361–362

MACS lift as, 358–359, 361–363

midface management as, 357, 363–364

neck management as, 357, 364

patient candidacy as, 357–359

plane of dissection as, 357, 359–361

rhytidectomy as, 363

deep-plane, 360–362

subperiosteal, 360

short-scar as, 358, 363

SMAS as, 358–363. See also Superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS).

S-shaped incision as, 358–359, 361

summary of, 357, 364–365

vector of pull as, 357, 360

volume augmentation as, 363–364

Facial growth, in pediatric patient, functional septorhinoplasty and, 250–252

with cleft lip and palate, NAM effect on, 260

Facial nerve, in palsy. See Facial palsy (FP).

injury to, in parotid defect reconstruction, 235–236

paralysis grading scales for, 269–271, 277, 280–282

repair of. See also Facial reanimation.

primary, 276

transfer of. See Nerve transfers; specific nerve.

Facial Nerve Grading System 1.0, for facial palsy, 277, 280

Facial Nerve Grading System 2.0, for facial palsy, 277, 282

Facial nerve grafts. See also Nerve grafts/grafting.

in smile reanimation, contralateral, 283–284

cross-. See Cross-facial nerve graft (CFNG).

to masseter muscle, in radical parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 241

Facial palsy (FP), classification of, 276

facial reanimation for, 275

grading scales for, 277, 280

incomplete, gracilis muscle transfer with dynamic reinnervation for, 294

reversible vs. irreversible, 276, 283, 291, 293

Facial paralysis, grading scales for, 269–271, 280–282

electronic, 277

long-standing, smile reanimation for, 286–289

Facial plastic surgery, antibiotic use in, 347–356 . See also Antibiotics.

evidence-based medicine in, 265–274 . See also Evidence-based medicine (EBM).

Facial reanimation, 275–297

controversies in, 276–294

contemporary issues as, 276–279

dynamic smile as, 277, 283–294. See also Smile reanimation.

dynamic timing as, 276–277, 280, 282–283

patient evaluation as, 276–277, 280–282

dynamic, controversies with, 277, 280–294

key principles of, 276

static vs., 275–276

EBM for, outcome measures of, 269–272

free tissue transfer for, 242

introduction to, 275

key points of, 275

nerve transfers for, 276, 280, 282

overview of, 275–276

summary of, 291

Facial resurfacing, antibiotics use with, 352

in nasal reconstruction, 387–388

Facial symmetry/asymmetry, after parotid defect reconstruction, 235

after rhinoplasty, injectables for, 382, 384

Facial transplantation, 367–377

cost-effectiveness of, 376

ethical issues of, 374–376

immunology of, 369–374

acute rejection mechanisms in, 372–373

local skin-specific processes vs., 373–374

complications of, 374

immunosuppression regimen for, 372

higher dosage requirements, 374

lasting tolerance of, 372

outcomes of first partial, 373

sentinel flap and, 372–374

introduction to, 367

key points of, 367

male example of, 367–368

performed worldwide to date, 367, 370–371

resin mask in, 369, 372

summary of, 376

technical issues of, 367–369

vascular perspectives of, 367, 369

Facial trauma, epidemiology of, 299

in pediatric patient, septorhinoplasty for, 248, 331

management controversies of, 299–308 . See also Trauma/trauma patient.

Facial zones, in CTA, 369

Fascia lata extender graft, split, in temporalis tendon transfer, for smile reanimation, 287–288

Fat grafting, abdominal, in superficial parotidectomy, for parotid defect reconstruction, 236

Fat transfer. See Autologous fat transfer.

Fetal development, of nose, 245

Fibrosis, post-nasal reconstruction, corticosteroid injections for, 386

Fillers, fat as. See Autologous fat transfer.

injectable. See Injectable fillers.

other miscellaneous, 384–385

Flap length, as facelift controversy, 357, 360

Flap monitoring, in free flap surgery, postoperative controversies of, 313–314

Flap prophylaxis regimen, in free flap surgery, postoperative controversies of, 312

Flap surgery. See Free flap surgery.

Flaring sutures, for NVD, 226, 228

Fluid dynamics, computational, in NAO measurement, 320

Fluid management, in free flap surgery, intraoperative, 310

perioperative, 312

postoperative controversies of, 313

Fluid resuscitation, in free flap surgery, 313

Forehead flaps, paramedian, dermabrasion for, 388

for reconstruction of Mohs defects, 386

FP. See Facial palsy (FP).

Fractures, management controversies of, mandible, 302–305

orbital, 299–302

Free flap surgery, corticosteroid injections for, 386

postoperative management of, 309–314

anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism in, 310–312

flap monitoring in, 313–314

flap prophylaxis regimen in, 312

fluids in, 313

intraoperative vs., 310

introduction to, 309–310

key points of, 309

vasopressors in, 313

Free muscle transfers, in smile reanimation. See also Gracilis muscle transfer.

donor nerve selection for, 289–294

procedure selection for, 286–289

regional muscle transfers vs., 287–289

Free tissue transfer, in parotid defect reconstruction, radical parotidectomy and, 242

total parotidectomy and, 239

Frey syndrome, parotid defect in, 235

Full-thickness skin grafts (FTSGs), corticosteroids for, 386

dermabrasion for, 388

Functional septorhinoplasty, in pediatric patient, 250–252