A

Ablative fractionated lasers, 441–442

choosing for non-Caucasian skin, 443–444

Ablative lasers, choosing for non-Caucasian skin, 443–444

in facial resurfacing, 441, 448

commonly treated conditions, 449–451

in scar treatment, 457

Ablative nonfractionated lasers, 441–442

choosing for non-Caucasian skin, 443–444

Absorption spectrum, of skin, laser and light modalities and, 448

skin color and, 454

Acellular cadaveric dermis, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in African nose, 385

Acne, laser treatment of, 439

Acne scars, in non-Caucasians, facial resurfacing for, 450

Acneiform eruptions, post-laser skin treatment, 445–446

Adjunctive treatments, for facial resurfacing, 443, 445, 449

for keloid scars, 458

Aesthetic surgery. See Facial aesthetic surgery.

Aesthetics, facial. See also Facial beauty.

in multicultural world, 337–341 . See also Multiculturalism.

surgical goals of, 343–348

African heritage, surgery to accentuate vs. hide, 381

African nose, alar flare in, 381, 383, 390

bone variations in, 381–382

brow-aesthetic line of, 385–386

columella to lobule ratio in, 381, 383

columellar base in, 385

dorsal height of, 381–382

rhinoplasty in, 379–393

alar base, 389–391

general anatomic concerns in, 381–383

introduction to, 340, 379–380

key points of, 379

nasal dorsum, 385–388

preoperative consultation for, 379–381

summary overview of, 390–393

surgical techniques for, 383–385

preoperative maneuvers for selection of, 383–384

tip, 383, 386, 388–389, 391

variations of ethnic characteristics and, 379–380

tip rhinoplasty in, goals of, 386

techniques and strategies in, 386, 388–389

endonasal approach to, 383, 391

Africans/African Americans, facial aesthetics of, 340, 380–381

facial aging in, 447

facial anatomic characteristics of, 464

facial resurfacing in, 449, 451

hair characteristics of, 428

hair restoration in, 427

for beard, 432

for eyebrow, 434–435

for scalp, 428–431

scar formation in, 456–457

treatment differences, 459–460

skin color mechanisms in, 454–455

Age/aging. See Facial aging.

Alar base, in African nose, reduction rhinoplasty of, 389–391

in Mestizo nose, 396, 398

surgical approach to, 414–415

Alar battens, in rhinoplasty, of Asian nose, 369, 374

of Middle Eastern nose, 352

Alar cartilage, in nasal tip, of Mestizo nose, 405, 407

reduction of alar cartilage width, 405–409

cephalic resection, 405

lateral crural turn-in-flap of cephalic portion, 405, 407–408

suturing techniques, 407–409

alar spanning (mattress), 407

dome-defining, 407, 409

lateral crural steal, 407–408

septocolumellar, 407, 409

Alar cephalic resection, in Mestizo nose, for cartilage width reduction, 405

Alar flare, in African nose, 381, 383, 390

Alar rim graft, for rhinoplasty, in Middle Eastern nose, 352

Alar spanning suture, for tip rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, with alar cartilage reduction, 407

Alar strut graft, for tip rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, 411–412

Alar wedge resection, in rhinoplasty, of African nose, 390–391

Alar width, in dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, of African nose, 386, 388

in tip rhinoplasty, of Mestizo nose, 405

reduction techniques for, 405–409

Alar-facial junction, in rhinoplasty, of African nose, 390

Alloplastic implants, for chin augmentation, in non-Caucasian facial rejuvenation, 468–469

for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359–361, 364

Anesthesia, for blepharoplasty, in Asians, 420–421

for rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, 397

in Middle Eastern nose, 350

Appearance, facial beauty and, in multicultural world, 337–341, 447. See also Facial beauty.

value of, 345–346

Areolar tissue, loose, in facial aging, 463–464

Asian nose, anatomic characteristics of, 357–358

cartilage in, 357

convex dorsum of, 369–370, 373–375

CT scan for skin thickness measurement, 357–358

deviated, 368–372

dorsal height/radix height to nasal length/nasal tip projection ratio in, 357–358

rhinoplasty in, 357–377

anatomic characteristics of, 340, 357–358

augmentation, 358–364. See also Augmentation rhinoplasty.

correction of deformities, 368–376. See also Deformity correction rhinoplasty.

key points of, 357

summary overview of, 377

tip considerations, 357–358

tip surgery, 362, 365–368

short-nose deformity of, 373, 375–376

tip rhinoplasty in, 358, 365–368

augmentation, 359, 361

convexity and, 372–373, 375

modified vertical dome division in, 362, 367

multilayer cartilaginous grafting in, 362, 366, 374

shield grafting in, 362, 365

tip onlay grafting in, 365, 368

Asians/Asian Americans, blepharoplasty in, 417–425

complications of, 424

definition of, 417

epicanthoplasty in, 420

eyelid anatomy and, 417

thorough evaluation of, 418

follow-up on, 424

incisions for, 417, 419–420

introduction to, 417, 464, 466

key points of, 417

outcomes of, actual, 424–425

planned, 417–418

postprocedural care for, 423

procedural approach to, 419–423

designing proposed eyelid crease, 419–420

outcomes of, 424–425

operative steps, 420–424

recovery for, 423

rehabilitation for, 424

summary overview of, 425

treatment goals for, 417–418

cable lift for, 465–466

chin implant for, 464–465

deep plane rhytidectomy for, 464, 466

facial aesthetic surgery in, advising patients for, 346

expectations of, 346

motivations for, 344

rhinoplasty in, 340

value of, 345

facial aesthetics of, 340

facial aging in, 447

facial anatomic characteristics of, 464

facial rejuvenation in, 464–466

facial resurfacing in, 449–450

hair characteristics of, 428

hair restoration in, 427

for beard, 432–434

for eyebrow, 434, 436

for scalp, 428–430

neck lift for, 464–465

platysmaplasty for, 464, 466

scar formation in, 456

treatment differences, 459–460

skin color and aging perceptions, 454

skin color mechanisms in, 454–455

submental liposuction for, 464–466

Attractiveness, in multicultural appearances, 339–340

Augmentation rhinoplasty, in African nose, dorsal, alar width and, 386, 388

complications of, 386–387

description of, 385

graft materials for, 385–386

in Asian nose, 358–364

dorsal, 358–364

alloplastic implants for, 359–361

autologous cartilage for, 359, 361–364

description of, 358–359

with deviation correction, 369–372

purpose of, 358

tip, 359, 361. See also Tip augmentation.

dorsal convexity and, 372–375

in Mestizo nose, dorsal, 401–402

Autologous cartilage, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359, 361–364

for rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, 399–402

for short-nose deformity, in Asian nose, multilayer, 373

for tip rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, multilayer, 362, 366, 374

in Mestizo nose, morcelized/crushed, 411, 414

Averageness, in multicultural appearances, 338–339

B

Backstop graft, for tip rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 362, 365–366

Bacterial superinfections, post-laser skin treatment, 445–446

Bard-Parker blade, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421

Batten graft, for rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 369, 374

in Middle Eastern nose, 352

Beard, hair grafting for, 431–434

Beard design, ethnic consideration of, 432, 434

Beauty, facial. See also Facial beauty.

in multicultural world, 337–341, 447. See also Multiculturalism.

surgical goals of, 343–348 . See also Facial aesthetic surgery.

social worth of, 345

Bilirubin, skin color and, 454

Bimaxillary protrusion, in Asians, 464, 468

Bipolar cautery, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421

Blacks. See Africans/African Americans.

Blepharoplasty, in Asians, 417–425

complications of, 424

definition of, 417

epicanthoplasty in, 420

eyelid anatomy and, 417

thorough evaluation of, 418

follow-up on, 424

incisions for, 417, 419–420

introduction to, 417, 464, 466

key points of, 417

outcomes of, actual, 424–425

planned, 417–418

postprocedural care for, 423

procedural approach to, 419–423

designing proposed eyelid crease, 419–420

outcomes of, 424–425

operative steps, 420–424

recovery for, 423

rehabilitation for, 424

summary overview of, 425

treatment goals for, 417–418

trends in, 338

Body image, in facial aesthetic surgery, aging and, 345–346

for different cultures, 343–344, 346

Body mass index (BMI), facial aging and, 463

Bone, facial, aging impact on, 447, 463–464

enhancement in non-Caucasian rejuvenation, 468–469

for Asians, 465–466

racial characteristics of, 464

nasal, in African nose, variations of, 381–382

in Asian nose, lengthening for short-nose deformity, 373

in Mestizo nose, 396–397, 400

Bone grafts, septal, for deviation correction, in Asian nose, 368–369

Bony dorsum, of Mestizo nose, 396–397

surgical approach to, 400–402

Brow-aesthetic line, in rhinoplasty, of African nose, 385–386

Browlift, with hairline lowering surgery, 434

Bulbosity, nasal tip, in rhinoplasty, of Mestizo nose, 396, 413–415

of Middle Eastern nose, 350–352

Bunching suture, superior, in tip rhinoplasty, of African nose, 388–389, 391

Burns, scar formation with, 453

B

Backstop graft, for tip rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 362, 365–366

Bacterial superinfections, post-laser skin treatment, 445–446

Bard-Parker blade, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421

Batten graft, for rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 369, 374

in Middle Eastern nose, 352

Beard, hair grafting for, 431–434

Beard design, ethnic consideration of, 432, 434

Beauty, facial. See also Facial beauty.

in multicultural world, 337–341, 447. See also Multiculturalism.

surgical goals of, 343–348 . See also Facial aesthetic surgery.

social worth of, 345

Bilirubin, skin color and, 454

Bimaxillary protrusion, in Asians, 464, 468

Bipolar cautery, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421

Blacks. See Africans/African Americans.

Blepharoplasty, in Asians, 417–425

complications of, 424

definition of, 417

epicanthoplasty in, 420

eyelid anatomy and, 417

thorough evaluation of, 418

follow-up on, 424

incisions for, 417, 419–420

introduction to, 417, 464, 466

key points of, 417

outcomes of, actual, 424–425

planned, 417–418

postprocedural care for, 423

procedural approach to, 419–423

designing proposed eyelid crease, 419–420

outcomes of, 424–425

operative steps, 420–424

recovery for, 423

rehabilitation for, 424

summary overview of, 425

treatment goals for, 417–418

trends in, 338

Body image, in facial aesthetic surgery, aging and, 345–346

for different cultures, 343–344, 346

Body mass index (BMI), facial aging and, 463

Bone, facial, aging impact on, 447, 463–464

enhancement in non-Caucasian rejuvenation, 468–469

for Asians, 465–466

racial characteristics of, 464

nasal, in African nose, variations of, 381–382

in Asian nose, lengthening for short-nose deformity, 373

in Mestizo nose, 396–397, 400

Bone grafts, septal, for deviation correction, in Asian nose, 368–369

Bony dorsum, of Mestizo nose, 396–397

surgical approach to, 400–402

Brow-aesthetic line, in rhinoplasty, of African nose, 385–386

Browlift, with hairline lowering surgery, 434

Bulbosity, nasal tip, in rhinoplasty, of Mestizo nose, 396, 413–415

of Middle Eastern nose, 350–352

Bunching suture, superior, in tip rhinoplasty, of African nose, 388–389, 391

Burns, scar formation with, 453

C

Cable lift, for Asians, 465–466

CO ₂ laser, choosing appropriately, 443–444

fractional, in facial resurfacing, 441, 444, 448

commonly treated conditions, 449–451

in scar management, 457

keloid, 458–459

nonfractional, in facial resurfacing, 441, 443

Carotene, skin color and, 454

Cartilage, in Asian nose, 357

in Mestizo nose, 396, 399

alar configurations, 405, 407

alar reductions, 405–409

in Middle Eastern nose, rhinoplasty and, 350

lateral. See Lateral cartilage.

Cartilage grafts, autologous. See also specific anatomical graft.

for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359, 361–364

for rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, 399–402

for short-nose deformity, in Asian nose, multilayer, 373

for tip rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, multilayer, 362, 366, 374

in Mestizo nose, morcelized/crushed, 411, 414

Cartilaginous dorsum, of Mestizo nose, 396–397

surgical approach to, 402–403

Castroviejo calipers, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 420

Castroviejo microscissors, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 423

Caucasians, facial aesthetic surgery in, advising patients for, 346

motivations for, 344

rhinoplasty in, 340

dorsum profile and, 353–354

value of, 345

facial aesthetics of, 340

facial aging in, 447–448

facial anatomic characteristics of, 464

hair characteristics of, 428

Caucasians ( continued )

scar formation in, 456

treatment differences, 459–460

skin characteristics in, 464

skin color mechanisms in, 454

skin type histology vs. non-Caucasian, 448

Cephalic resection, of alar cartilage, in Mestizo nose width reduction, 405

Ceramide/cholesterol ratio, ethnicity effects on, 460

Chemical peels, in non-Caucasian facial resurfacing, 448–449

commonly treated conditions, 449–451

Chin augmentation/implants, for Asians, 464–465

in non-Caucasian facial rejuvenation, 468–469

Chromophores, as laser target, 440–441

facial resurfacing and, 448

skin color and, 454

Ciliary margin, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 420

Collagen, in scar formation, 455–456, 458

in skin layers, 439–440

laser skin treatment and, 444

Columella, in Mestizo nose, 396, 398, 403

Columella to lobule ratio, in African nose, 381, 383

Columellar base, in African nose, 385

Columellar flap, in rhinoplasty, of Middle Eastern nose, 350–353

Columellar strut, in rhinoplasty, of African nose, 383–384, 392

for tip refinement, 386, 388–389

of Mestizo nose, 403–405

Communication, in facial aesthetic surgery, for different cultures, 346, 465

Computed tomography (CT) scan, of Asian nose, for skin thickness measurement, 357–358

Conchal cartilage, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359, 361

for short-nose deformity, in Asian nose, 376

Consultation. See Preoperative planning.

Convex dorsum, of Asian nose, 369–370, 373–375

classification of, 369–370, 373

radix augmentation and, 372–374

tip augmentation and, 372–373, 375

Correction rhinoplasty. See Deformity correction rhinoplasty; specific deformity.

Corticosteroids, for keloid scars, 458–459

Costal cartilage, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in African nose, 386

in Asian nose, 359, 361–364

for short-nose deformity, in Asian nose, 373, 375

Cotton-tip applicator, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 422

Crease design, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 419–420

outcomes of, 424–425

Crease fixation sutures, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 422–424

Crooked nose, recurrent, with rhinoplasty, of Middle Eastern nose, 352–353

Crura. See Nasal crura.

Crural overlay, for tip rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, lateral, 409–410

medial, 410–411

Crural steal suture, lateral, for tip rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, with alar cartilage reduction, 407–408

Crural turn-in-flap, lateral, of cephalic alar cartilage, in Mestizo nose width reduction, 405, 407–408

Cryotherapy, for keloid scars, 458–459

Cultural considerations, in facial aesthetic surgery, 343–348 . See also Facial aesthetic surgery.

in multicultural appearances, 340, 345, 447

of aesthetics, 337–341 . See also Multiculturalism.

Cutaneous lesions, in non-Caucasians, facial resurfacing for, 450

Cytokines, in scar formation, 455–456

D

Debulking, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421

Deep plane rhytidectomy, in non-Caucasian facial rejuvenation, 466–468

Deep tissue wounds, scar formation with, 453, 455

Deformity correction rhinoplasty. See also specific deformity.

in Asian nose, 368–376

convex dorsum, 369–370, 373–375

deviated, 368–372

short-nose, 373, 375–376

in Mestizo nose, deviated, 399–400

in Middle Eastern nose, 353

dorsal hump, 350–351

complications of, 352, 354

vs. European nose, 353–354

Dentition, racial characteristics of, 464

Deoxyhemoglobin, skin color and, 440, 454

Dermatosis papulosa nigra, facial resurfacing for, 450

Dermis. See also Skin.

description of, 440

Dermofat, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359

Deviated nose, correction rhinoplasty for, in Asians, 368–372

in Mestizos, 399–400

Dimorphism, sexual, in multicultural appearances, 339

Divine Ratio, of true beauty, 338

Domal suture, for tip rhinoplasty, in African nose, 386, 388–389, 391

Dome division, modified vertical, in tip rhinoplasty, of Asian nose, 362, 367

Dome technique, new, in rhinoplasty, of Middle Eastern nose, 350–353

Dome-defining suture, for tip rhinoplasty, in Mestizo nose, with alar cartilage reduction, 407, 409

Donor site follicle extraction, for hair grafting, 428–429

to beard, 432–433

to scalp, 430–432

Dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in African nose, alar width and, 386, 388

complications of, 386–387

description of, 385

graft materials for, 385–386

in Asian nose, 358–364

alloplastic implants for, 359–361

autologous cartilage for, 359, 361–364

description of, 358–359

with deviation correction, 369–373, 375–376

in Mestizo nose, 401–402

Dorsal height, of African nose, 381–382

Dorsal height/radix height to nasal length/nasal tip projection ratio, in Asian nose, 357–358

Dorsal hump, nasal, rhinoplasty for, in Mestizo nose, 401–402

in Middle Eastern nose, 350–351

complications of, 352, 354

vs. European nose, 353–354

Dorsum. See Nasal dorsum.

Droopiness, of nasal tip, in rhinoplasty, of Middle Eastern nose, 350–352

Dyschromias, in non-Caucasians, facial resurfacing for, 449–450

laser treatment of, 441–443

E

East Indians, hair restoration in, 427

for beard, 433–434

for eyebrow, 434

for scalp, 430–432

Ecchymosis, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 420

Edema, post-blepharoplasty, in Asians, 423–424

post-laser skin treatment, 444

Elasticity, skin, facial aging and, 463–464

Endonasal approach, to tip rhinoplasty, in African nose, 383, 391

Endotine hooks, for hairline lowering surgery, 434

Energy fluence, as laser variable, 440–441

Epicanthoplasty, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 420

Epidermis, description of, 440

light interactions with, in skin color, 454

resurfacing goals for, 448

scar treatments and, 459–460

Er-doped laser, fractional, in facial resurfacing, 444, 450

Er:Yag laser, in facial resurfacing, 441, 448

choosing appropriately, 443–444

commonly treated conditions, 449–451

Erythema, ethnic diversity of, 454–455

post-laser skin treatment, 444–446

scar treatment and, 457

Ethnicity(ies), blepharoplasty preferences based on, 417–418

facial aging and, 463

facial anatomy characteristics and, 464

hair restoration surgery and, 427–437 . See also Hair restoration surgery.

non-Caucasian. See Non-Caucasians; specific ethnicity.

of African Americans, 379–380

of Middle East region, 349

rhinoplasty preferences based on, 340

scar treatment and, 454, 459

Europeans, facial aesthetic surgery in, motivations for, 344

rhinoplasty in, 340

dorsum profile and, 353–354

facial aesthetics of, 340

facial aging in, 447

hair restoration in, 427

in Mestizo population, 395–396

skin characteristics in, 464

skin color mechanisms in, 454–455

Eversion, of eyelashes, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 422–423

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) implants, for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in African nose, 386

in Asian nose, 359–361

in Mestizo nose, 401–402

for short-nose deformity, in Asian nose, 375–376

Extracorporeal septoplasty, for deviation correction, in Asian nose, 369

modified technique for, 369–372

Eye opening, occidental eyelid and, in Asians, 417–418

Eyeglasses, post-blepharoplasty, for Asians, 423–424

Eyelashes, eversion of, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 422–423

hair grafting to, ethnic considerations in, 434

Eyelid crease, Asian, blepharoplasty steps for, 420–424

designing proposed, 419–420

inside fold, oval configuration of, 419–420

outcomes of, 424–425

outside fold, round configuration of, 419–420

vs. Western, 417–418

Eyelids, in Asians, anatomy of, 417–418

surgical revision of. See Blepharoplasty .

F

Facelift, deep plane, in non-Caucasian facial rejuvenation, 466–468

Facial aesthetic surgery, blepharoplasty in. See Blepharoplasty .

hair restoration in. See Hair restoration surgery.

modern trends of, 338, 340, 395, 427, 431, 439, 447

rejuvenative. See Facial rejuvenation.

restorative, in different cultures, 344

resurfacing. See Facial resurfacing.

rhinoplasty in. See Rhinoplasty .

surgical goals for different cultures, 343–348

body image and, 343–344, 346

communication of, 346

fashion and, 345–346

interpretation of, 346

introduction to, 343–344

key points of, 343

motivations for, 343–344

naturalness as, 346

patient selection and, 346

patient’s interpretation of normal and, 344

societal/cultural judgment and, 344, 346–347

summary overview of, 348

universal concepts and, 344–345, 447

Westernization and, 344, 346–347, 418

transformative, in different cultures, 344

Facial aging, beauty and, 447

in Western society, 345–346, 418

in non-Caucasians, facial rejuvenation for, anatomic consideration of, 463–464

diagnostic perspectives of, 463

facial resurfacing for, 447–451

pathophysiology of, 463–464

intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathways, 447–448

skin color and, 453–454

Facial beauty, as simple vs. complex idea, 337

gender differences in, 340

golden ratio of, 338

in multicultural world, 337–341, 447. See also Multiculturalism.

surgical goals of, 343–348

positive qualities associated with, 339

social worth of, 345

surgical goals for different cultures, 343–348 . See also Facial aesthetic surgery.

value of, 345–346

Facial rejuvenation, in Asians, skin consideration of, 464

in different cultures, 344

in non-Caucasians, 463–470

anatomic consideration of, facial aging and, 463–464

diagnostic perspectives of, 463

racial characteristics and, 464–466

deep plane rhytidectomy in, 466–468

genioplasty in, 468–469

introduction to, 463

key points of, 463

neck treatment in, 467–469

procedure selection for, 464–466

skeletal enhancement in, 468–469

skin consideration of, 464

summary overview of, 470

Facial resurfacing, in non-Caucasians, 447–452

chemical peels for, 448–449

common treated conditions in, 449–451

acne scars as, 450

cutaneous lesions as, 450

dyschromias as, 449–450

hair-related conditions as, 450–451

hypertrophic scars as, 450

keloid scars as, 450

photoaging as, 448, 450

introduction to, 447–448

key points of, 447

laser modalities for, 439–441, 443–444, 448. See also Lasers.

light modalities for, 448

patient preparation for, 449

patient selection for, 449

summary overview of, 451

Facial volume, aging impact on, 417, 447, 463

race impact on, 464

Fascia, deep vs. superficial, in facial aging, 463–464

for dorsal augmentation rhinoplasty, in Asian nose, 359

Fashion, in facial aesthetic surgery, for different cultures, 345–346

Fat, facial, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, postseptal, 424

preseptal, 421–422

preservation of, 338

in non-Caucasian facial rejuvenation, platysmal, 468–469

submental, 467, 469

in occidental eyelid, of Asians, 417–418

subcutaneous, aging impact on, 463–464

in deep plane rhytidectomy, 466–468

racial characteristics of, 464–466

Fat graft, for facial volume loss, 417

Fat pad, in blepharoplasty, for Asians, 421–422

Fatty acid composition, of stratum corneum, ethnicity effects on, 460

Fibroblasts, in scar formation, 455–456

Fitzpatrick skin types, 454–455

in Caucasians vs. non-Caucasians, 439–440, 447–448

facial resurfacing and, 440, 444, 448–450

scar formation and, 456

scar treatment and, 458

Fluence, energy, as laser variable, 440–441

Follicular unit, ethnic differences in, 428

Follicular unit extraction (FUE), in hair grafting, to beard, 432–433

to eyebrows, 434

to scalp, 428–430

Follicular unit grafting (FUG), in hair grafting, to beard, 432–433

to eyebrows, 434–435

to scalp, 428–432

Forehead shortening, in hair restoration surgery, 427, 434

Fractional CO ₂ laser, in facial resurfacing, 441, 448

commonly treated conditions, 449–451

in scar management, 457

keloid, 458–459

Fractional Er-doped laser, in facial resurfacing, 444, 450

Fractionated lasers, 441–442

choosing for non-Caucasian skin, 443–444