Genodermatoses and Congenital Anomalies




Genodermatoses include a variety of skin conditions due to underlying genetic mutations with and without associated systemic findings. New gene mutations are being discovered rapidly and allow for more definitive diagnoses in many of these conditions; however, recognizing the salient features on physical examination allows for more directed genetic testing.


Some genodermatoses will present at birth, such as epidermolysis bullosa with skin fragility or congenital ichthyoses with the presence of a collodion membrane. Other conditions manifest distinctive clinical findings in the neonatal period, as seen in the Blaschko linear vesicular and verrucous eruptions indicative of incontentia pigmenti. Childhood onset is more common for conditions like tuberous sclerosis (TS) or neurofibromatosis when patients begin to demonstrate more noticeable clinical stigmata such as angiofibromas or neurofibromas, respectively. Still other genodermatoses can present later during adolescence or early adulthood, including Darier disease with keratotic and crusted papules and plaques and Hailey-Hailey disease (familial benign chronic pemphigus) with reticulated, eroded flexural plaques.


Photosensitivity can be seen in several genodermatoses, including the telangiectatic patches of Bloom syndrome; the poikiloderma of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome; and the lentigines, sun damage, and early skin cancers seen in xeroderma pigmentosa.


A thorough evaluation of these conditions should include examination of the hair, nails, mucosa, and teeth. Screening for associated symptoms is important, such as lack of sweating present in several forms of ectodermal dysplasia or developmental delays and seizures that can be present in several genodermatoses such as epidermal nevus syndrome or TS. Finally, family history can be useful in determining the inheritance pattern and to narrow genetic testing.


This portion of the atlas includes a wide variety of genodermatoses and congenital anomalies to aid the clinician in identifying the clinical clues that help differentiate these diseases and often guide genetic testing when appropriate.


Fig. 27.1


Incontinentia pigmenti, early inflammatory phase.



Fig. 27.2


Incontinentia pigmenti with verrucous lesions.

Courtesy Paul Honig, MD.



Fig. 27.3


Incontinentia pigmenti with verrucous lesions.



Fig. 27.4


Incontinentia pigmenti with pigmentary lesions.

Courtesy Paul Honig, MD.



Fig. 27.5


Incontinentia pigmenti with pigmentary lesions.



Fig. 27.6


Pigmentary mosaicism (previously Hypomelanosis of Ito).

Courtesy Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.



Fig. 27.7


Conradi-Hunermann syndrome.



Fig. 27.8


Conradi-Hunermann syndrome.



Fig. 27.9


Turner syndrome with congenital lymphedema.

Courtesy Steven Binnick, MD.



Fig. 27.10


Noonan syndrome.



Fig. 27.11


Noonan syndrome with lymphedema and chylous discharge.



Fig. 27.12


Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (previously LEOPARD syndrome).

Courtesy Paul Honig, MD.



Fig. 27.13


Tuberous sclerosis with angiofibromas and gingivival hypertrophy from taking phenytoin for his TS-related seizure disorder.

Courtesy Scott Norton, MD.



Fig. 27.14


Tuberous sclerosis with angiofibromas.



Fig. 27.15


Tuberous sclerosis with periungual fibromas.



Fig. 27.16


Tuberous sclerosis with ash leaf macule.



Fig. 27.17


Tuberous sclerosis with ash leaf macule.

Courtesy Steven Binnick, MD.



Fig. 27.18


Tuberous sclerosis with paintbrush-type white streaks.



Fig. 27.19


Tuberous sclerosis with shagreen plaque.



Fig. 27.20


Tuberous sclerosis with fibrous forehead plaque.



Fig. 27.21


Tuberous sclerosis with dental enamel pit.



Fig. 27.22


Neurofibromatosis.



Fig. 27.23


Neurofibromatosis.

Courtesy Steven Binnick, MD.



Fig. 27.24


Neurofibromatosis.



Fig. 27.25


Neurofibromatosis.

Courtesy Steven Binnick, MD.



Fig. 27.26


Neurofibromatosis; the areola are characteristically involved.



Fig. 27.27


Neurofibromatosis with café-au-lait macule.



Fig. 27.28


Neurofibromatosis with axillary freckling.



Fig. 27.29


Neurofibromatosis with plexiform neurofibroma.



Fig. 27.30


Neurofibromatosis with plexiform neurofibroma.



Fig. 27.31


Neurofibromatosis with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor.



Fig. 27.32


Segmental neurofibromatosis.



Fig. 27.33


Proteus syndrome with connective tissue nevus.



Fig. 27.34


Proteus syndrome with connective tissue nevus.



Fig. 27.35


Proteus syndrome with epidermal nevus.



Fig. 27.36


Proteus syndrome.

Courtesy Curt Samlaska, MD.



Fig. 27.37


Ataxia telangiectasia.



Fig. 27.38


Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, generalized.



Fig. 27.39


Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, generalized.

Courtesy Scott Norton, MD.



Fig. 27.40


Epidermolysis bullosa simplex, localized.



Fig. 27.41


Junctional epidermolysis bullosa.



Fig. 27.42


Junctional epidermolysis bullosa.



Fig. 27.43


Bart syndrome.



Fig. 27.44


Dominant dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa.



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Sep 3, 2019 | Posted by in Dermatology | Comments Off on Genodermatoses and Congenital Anomalies

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