A

Ablative fractional lasers, for scar revision, 644

Ablative lasers, for scar revision, 644

Adenoid glands, VPI and, 596, 598, 601, 607

Adhesive tape, surgical, for traumatic lacerations, 641

Adjunct procedures, age parameters for, with cleft palate repair, 581

with craniosynostoses, 538

Adolescence, nasal growth patterns in, 504–505

Age parameters, for repair, of cleft anomalies, 575, 578, 581

of craniofacial anomalies, 537–538

of otoplasty, 612, 625

Airflow during speech, nasal, in VPD/VPI assessment, 597, 607

Airway compromise, mandibular distraction for, 655, 658

outcomes of, 661–662

with craniosynostoses, as surgery indication, 529, 536–537

with oromandibular reconstruction, 556

with VPD, 596–597

obstructive sleep disorders associated with, 596, 602–603, 607

post-speech surgery, 607

Airway management, with cleft anomalies, 574–575, 581

intraoperative, 574–575, 578, 581

with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 568

with distraction procedures, 657–659

outcomes of, 661–662

Alar base, in cleft lip repair, 576–577

Allium cepa, for soft tissue trauma, 641–642

Alloplastic reconstruction, for microtia, current practice for, 631–636

complications of, 635–636

graft material for, 631

postprocedural care of, 635–636

procedural approach to, 632–635

surgical planning for, 631–632

historical perspectives of, 624

measuring outcomes of, 637

patient assessment for, 625

procedural approach to, 632–635

creating postauricular sulcus and removal of cartilage vestige, 633

final closure, 634

harvest and rotation of TPF flap, 633–634

local anesthesia in, 632–633

preparation and placement of implant, 633–634

preparation as, 632

raising TPF flap, 633

stage one, 632–634

stage two, 634–635

recent trends of, 636–637

Alveolar ridge, in cleft palate repair, 582

American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (AAFPRS), Cleft and Craniofacial Subcommittee of, 587–588, 590

American Cleft Palate–Craniofacial Association (ACPA), 587

Angiogenesis, infantile hemangiomas and, 509–510

Angle fractures, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 566–567

Angle’s class I occlusion, 564

Animals, septorhinoplasty studies on, 504

Ankle stability, post-bone graft harvesting, for oromandibular reconstruction, 553

Ankyloglossia, description of, 593–594

surgical correction of, frenotomy as, 594

frenuloplasty as, 594

Anomalies, auricular, 611–612. See also Otoplasty.

cleft, 573–586 . See also Cleft entries.

congenital, with cleft anomalies, 574

craniofacial, 523–548 . See also Craniofacial anomalies.

facial. See Facial anomalies; specific anatomy or anomaly.

velopharyngeal, 596. See also Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD).

Anotia, 624–625

Anthropometric measurements, for craniosynostoses, 525, 529

for septorhinoplasty, 504

Antihelix, in esthetic otoplasty, 613

creasing and puckering of, 620

irregular contouring of, 620–621

repositioning of, 615–616

supplementary maneuvers for, 616

Antitragus, in esthetic otoplasty, 613

in microtia reconstruction, 630

Apert syndrome, 526, 537

Approximation, of traumatic lacerations, 641

Arteries, in oromandibular reconstruction, 551–552

Articulation, in speech production, 593

muscles involved in, 595

Asymmetry. See Symmetry.

Aural atresia, with microtia, 624–625

Auricular cartilage, in esthetic otoplasty. See also specific anatomy.

necrosis of, 618–619

preoperative examination of, 613

reduction technique for, 617–618

ridges in, 620–621

supplementary maneuvers for, 616

Auricular deformities, esthetic surgery for, 611–612. See also Otoplasty.

reconstructive surgery for, 623–638 . See also Auricular reconstruction.

Auricular protrusion, from temporal bone, esthetic goal for, 613–614, 616

measurement of, 613

Auricular reconstruction, for microtia, alloplastic, 631–636. See also Alloplastic reconstruction.

autogenous, 626–631. See also Autologous cartilage reconstruction.

classification/grading schemes for, 624–625

controversies of, 626, 636–637

historical perspectives of, 624

key points of, 624–626

measuring outcomes of, 637

patient assessment of, 624–626

recent trends of, 636–637

stages of, family and patient toleration of, 625–626

summary overview of, 623–624, 637

Auriculocephalic angle, 613

in esthetic otoplasty, 614, 616

Autologous cartilage reconstruction, for microtia, controversies of, 626, 637

current practice of, 626–631

Brent technique of, 626–630

complications of, 631

Nagata technique of, 630–631

rib cartilage in, 626

surgical planning for, 626

historical perspectives of, 624

measuring outcomes of, 636–637

patient assessment for, 624–626

Axonal regeneration, aberrant, facial nerve rehabilitation for, 500

B

Baby fat, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 562

Bandeau modifications, in fronto-orbital advancement, for sagittal craniosynostosis, 539–542

Behavioral disturbances, associated with auricular deformities, 611–612

Birth weight, infantile hemangiomas risk and, 511

Bleeding, post-speech surgery, 606

Blowout fractures, inferior/zygomaticomaxillary fractures, 564

medial/nasal/nasoorbital ethmoid, 564, 566

Board certification, of multidisciplinary cleft team, 588

Bone(s), in craniomaxillofacial trauma, mandibular body fractures with, 567

softer, 561

in distraction osteogenesis, 653

nasal. See Nasal bone.

temporal. See Temporal bone.

Bone fixation plates, for oromandibular reconstruction, 550–553

Bone flaps, iliac crest, for oromandibular reconstruction, 554

in oromandibular reconstruction, 550, 552. See also Osteocutaneous free flaps.

Bone grafts, in oromandibular reconstruction, 553

Bone remodeling, in mandible development, 550

Bone resorption, in maxilla and mandible development, 550

Bone stock, in distraction osteogenesis, 654

Bone-anchored hearing aide (BAHA), 625

Botulinum toxin, as synkinesis treatment, in facial nerve rehabilitation, 500

in lip rehabilitation, 500

Brachycephaly, 525, 531–532

in syndromic craniosynostoses, 526–528, 533

Brain anatomy, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 561

Breast feeding, ankyloglossia symptoms during, 593

with cleft anomalies, 574

Brent classification, of microtia, 624–625

Brent reconstruction, for microtia, 626–630

first stage, 626–629

fourth stage, 630

overview of, 626

second stage, 628–629

third stage, 630

Broken nose, 562, 564, 566

Budget and finance, for multidisciplinary cleft team, 589

Burow triangle, in esthetic otoplasty, 617

B

Baby fat, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 562

Bandeau modifications, in fronto-orbital advancement, for sagittal craniosynostosis, 539–542

Behavioral disturbances, associated with auricular deformities, 611–612

Birth weight, infantile hemangiomas risk and, 511

Bleeding, post-speech surgery, 606

Blowout fractures, inferior/zygomaticomaxillary fractures, 564

medial/nasal/nasoorbital ethmoid, 564, 566

Board certification, of multidisciplinary cleft team, 588

Bone(s), in craniomaxillofacial trauma, mandibular body fractures with, 567

softer, 561

in distraction osteogenesis, 653

nasal. See Nasal bone.

temporal. See Temporal bone.

Bone fixation plates, for oromandibular reconstruction, 550–553

Bone flaps, iliac crest, for oromandibular reconstruction, 554

in oromandibular reconstruction, 550, 552. See also Osteocutaneous free flaps.

Bone grafts, in oromandibular reconstruction, 553

Bone remodeling, in mandible development, 550

Bone resorption, in maxilla and mandible development, 550

Bone stock, in distraction osteogenesis, 654

Bone-anchored hearing aide (BAHA), 625

Botulinum toxin, as synkinesis treatment, in facial nerve rehabilitation, 500

in lip rehabilitation, 500

Brachycephaly, 525, 531–532

in syndromic craniosynostoses, 526–528, 533

Brain anatomy, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 561

Breast feeding, ankyloglossia symptoms during, 593

with cleft anomalies, 574

Brent classification, of microtia, 624–625

Brent reconstruction, for microtia, 626–630

first stage, 626–629

fourth stage, 630

overview of, 626

second stage, 628–629

third stage, 630

Broken nose, 562, 564, 566

Budget and finance, for multidisciplinary cleft team, 589

Burow triangle, in esthetic otoplasty, 617

C

Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) laser, for scar revision, 643–644

Carpenter syndrome, 527

Cartilage, auricular. See Auricular cartilage.

in nasal growth patterns, 503–504

in septorhinoplasty, crushed grafts of, 506

resection of, 504

scaphal, reduction of, in esthetic otoplasty, 617–618

Cartilage grafts, crushed, in septorhinoplasty, 506

for microtia. See Autologous cartilage reconstruction; Rib cartilage reconstruction.

Cartilage vestige removal, in microtia reconstruction, 633

Cartilage-cutting surgery, for ear deformities, 612, 620

Cartilage-sparing surgery, for ear deformities, 611–612, 616

Cauliflower ear deformity, 618

Cell differentiation theory, of infantile hemangiomas, 510–511

Cephalic index (CI), in craniosynostoses, 525

Cephalograms, for distraction osteogenesis, pre-procedure, 654, 656–657

reported outcomes of, 662

Cephalometric analysis, for septorhinoplasty, 505

Cheek, infantile hemangioma of, 517, 519

Chemodenervation, in lip rehabilitation, 500

Chiari malformations, craniosynostoses and, 530, 534

Childhood, nasal growth patterns in, 503–504

Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome, 596, 605, 607

Cleft alveolus, 574

Cleft anomalies. See also specific anomaly.

multidisciplinary team for, 587–591

board certification of, 588

budget and finance for, 589

guide for starting, 588–590

discussion on, 589–590

methodology in, 588

results of, 588–589

hospital selection and, 588

identification of clinical need and, 588

introduction to, 573–574, 587–588

key points of, 587

marketing strategies for, 589

recruitment of, 588–589

summary overview of, 590

surgical training of, 588

team format for, 588–589

septorhinoplasty for, clinical indications for, 505

guidelines for, 505–507

VPD associated with, 594

Cleft lip, 573–586

bilateral, repair of, 578–581

closure of, 579–580

complications with, 580–581

goals and principles of, 575

incisions and flap creation for, 579

patient positioning for, 578

postprocedural care for, 580

preoperative planning for, 578

preoperative preparation for, 578

primary rhinoplasty in, 580

procedural design and markings for, 578–579

surgical technique for, 578

timing of, 578

classification of, 574

genetics of, 573–574

incidence of, 573

key points of, 573

multidisciplinary care for, 573–574, 587–590

palate repair vs., 581–585

patient assessment for, 574

summary overview of, 573, 585

surgical assessment of, 574

unilateral, repair of, 574–578

closure of, 576–577

complications with, 577–578

goals and principles of, 575

incisions and flap creation for, 576

patient positioning for, 575

postprocedural care for, 577

preoperative planning for, 574–575

preoperative preparation for, 574–575

primary rhinoplasty in, 577

procedural design and markings for, 575–576

surgical technique for, 575

timing of, 575

Cleft palate, 573–586

classification of, 574

genetics of, 573–574

incidence of, 573

key points of, 573

multidisciplinary care for, 573–574, 587–590

patient assessment for, 574

repair of, 581–585

complications with, 584–585

Furlow palatoplasty technique for, 583–584

closure of, 584

incisions and flap creation for, 583–584

procedural design and markings for, 583

goals and principles of, 575

lip repair vs., 574–581

patient positioning for, 581

postprocedural care for, 584

preoperative planning, 581

preoperative preparation for, 581

timing of, 581

2-flap palatoplasty technique for, 581–583

advantages of, 581

closure of, 582–583

incisions and flap creation for, 582

procedural design and markings for, 582

VPI surgery and, 601

summary overview of, 573, 585

surgical assessment of, 574

VPD associated with, 594, 596

Clinical need identification, by multidisciplinary cleft team, 588

Cloverleaf skull, 525

in syndromic craniosynostoses, 526–528, 537

Cognitive impairment, with craniosynostoses, 526–527

as surgery indication, 537

Columella, in cleft lip repair, bilateral, lengthening of, 576–577

unilateral, 576–577

Compression ischemia, post-microtia reconstruction, 636

Computed tomography (CT) scan, of craniosynostoses, 529–531, 533

intraoperative, 539

of distraction osteogenesis, 654, 657–658

of microtia, 625

Computer-aided design and modeling (CAD-CAM), for distraction osteogenesis, 654

of craniosynostoses, 529–530, 533

overcorrection cautions with, 532, 534

Concha, in esthetic otoplasty, poles’ alignment with, 614, 616

setback of, 615

Concha wall, in esthetic otoplasty, 613

Conchal bowl, in esthetic otoplasty, 616

Conchal microtia, 624–625

Conchal-mastoid angle, 613

Conchal-scaphal angle, 613

Conductive hearing loss (CHL), with microtia, 625

Condyle, fractures of, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 562, 566–567

in normal maxilla and mandible relationship, 550

in oromandibular reconstruction, 550–551

Congenital anomalies. See Anomalies.

Conservative management, of craniomaxillofacial trauma, 570

of infantile hemangiomas, 512–514

combined therapies with, 518, 520

Corneal injury, with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 571

Coronal approach, for midface distraction, 656–657

nerve injury with, 660

Coronoid fractures, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 567

Correction loss, in esthetic otoplasty, 620

Corticosteroids, for infantile hemangiomas, 513, 515–516

Cranial to facial ratio, 560

Cranial vault, decompression of, age parameters for, 538

fronto-temporo-parietal defect following, 533

fractures of, 563

in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 559, 562–563

reconstruction of, fronto-orbital advancement as foundation of, 539–542

Cranial vault distraction, 657–658

indications for, 656–657

mortality with, 661

volumetric outcomes of, 662

Craniectomy, decompressive, fronto-temporo-parietal defect following, 533

for sagittal craniosynostosis, endoscopic-assisted strip, with wedge craniectomy, 538–539

simple strip, 538

Craniofacial anomalies, 523–548

brachycephaly as, 525, 531–532

cloverleaf skull as, 525

evaluation of, imaging for, 529–530, 533–534

physical examination in, 525, 529

pregnancy history in, 525

introductory overview of, 523–524

key points of, 523

microtia associated with, 625

midface distraction for, with syndromic craniosynostosis, 537

molecular genetics of, 524–528

mutations involved in syndromes, 524–528

pathophysiology of, 524

plagiocephaly as. See Plagiocephaly.

scaphocephaly as, 524, 529

surgical treatment of, anesthesia for, 534–535

blood loss during, 534

controversies in, 545

distraction osteogenesis in, 536

evidence-based medicine in, 543–545

for neurosurgical complications, 536–537

for posterior synostotic plagiocephaly, 542, 545

for sagittal synostosis, 538–542

for secondary deformities, 538, 542, 545

for syndromic craniosynostosis, 537

history of, 525, 532

indications for, 536–537

intraoperative preparation for, 534–535

open vs. minimally invasive approaches to, 536

patient positioning for, 534–535

planned outcomes for, 532, 534–535

preoperative preparation for, 532, 534

procedural approach to, 537–545

age range guidelines for, 537–538

timing of, 536–537

age parameters for, 537–538

trends and future horizons in, 545

treatment of, craniofacial team for, 530, 587–590

goals for, 532

trigonocephaly as, 524, 530

Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis. See Distraction osteogenesis (DO).

Craniofacial growth and development, abnormal. See Craniofacial anomalies.

nasal patterns in, 503–505

normal, 523–524, 528, 550

Craniofacial microsomia, 625

Craniofacial surgery, age vs. procedure parameters for, 537–538

distraction in. See Distraction osteogenesis (DO).

for anomalies. See Craniofacial anomalies.

multidisciplinary team for. See Multidisciplinary team.

Craniofacial team, for craniofacial anomalies, 530, 550, 587–590

for oromandibular reconstruction, 550

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma, 559–572

anatomy and, 560–564

brain, 561

comparative and developmental, 560

cranium, 563

facial, 563–564

mandible, 563

maxilla, 563

more soft tissue, 562

occlusion, 563–565

orbits, 561, 563

skull-face ratio, 560

small sinuses, 561

softer bone, 561

tooth buds, 561–562

brain injuries in, 561

complications of, 571

diagnosis of, 568

etiologies of, 559–560

fixation for, 569–571

plates in, absorbable, 570–571

removable, 570

reduction and, 569–570

screws in, absorbable, 570–571

wires in, 569–570

fractures as, 564–567

angle, 567

bony mandibular, 567

condylar, 566–567

coronoid, 567

dentoalveolar, 567

frontoorbital maxillary, 564–566

inferior blowout/zygomaticomaxillary, 564

LeFort I, II, and III, 564–566, 570

mandibular, 566–567

nasal/nasoorbital ethmoid/medial blowout, 564, 566

parasymphysis, 567

patterns of, 562

ramus, 567

subcondylar, 566–567

symphysis, 567

imaging of, 568

introduction to, 559–560

key points of, 559

long-term follow-up for, 571

nonoperative management of, 570

ocular injuries in, 561

physical examination for, 567

surgical approaches to, 568–569

airway management in, 568

coronal, 568–569

intraoral, 569

minimally invasive, 570

periorbital, 569

reduction and fixation in, 569–570

timing of, 568

transcervical, 569

Craniosynostoses, common forms with representative shapes, 528

diagnosis of, 525, 529

imaging for, 529–530, 533–534

effect on ICP, 529

growth and development in, 523–524

normocephaly compared to, 528

neurosurgical complications of, 536–537

overview of, 523

pathophysiology of, primary vs. secondary, 524

Whitaker classification of, 542, 545

proposed theories of, 523

sagittal, 531

in identical twin, 524

surgery for, 538–542

syndromic, midface distraction and, 656–657

molecular genetics of, 524–525

most common, 526–528

treatment of. See Craniofacial anomalies.

treatment team for, 530

Craniotomy, for DO device placement, complications associated with, 660–661

Cranium, hypoplasia of, distraction osteogenesis for, 656–657

in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 559, 562–563

retrusion of, distraction osteogenesis for, 656–657

Cross-face nerve grafting, in first stage smile rehabilitation, 493–496

in synkinesis treatment, with facial nerve rehabilitation, 500

Crouzon syndrome, 526

Cupid’s bow/peak, in cleft lip repair, bilateral, 578–579

unilateral, 575–576

D

Darwinian tubercle, in esthetic otoplasty, 613, 617

Deep closure technique, for scar revision, 646–647

Deformational plagiocephaly (DP), 524–525, 530, 532

Deformities. See Anomalies; specific anatomy or deformity.

Dehiscence, lip, post-cleft anomalies repair, 577–578

Dental anomalies, septorhinoplasty and, 505

Dental injury, following distraction procedures, 659, 661

with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 561–562, 567, 571

management of, 569–570

Dental rehabilitation, oromandibular reconstruction and, 556

Dentition, deciduous, anatomy of, 561–562

trauma to, 561–562, 567, 571

management of, 569–570

in oromandibular reconstruction, 550, 556

Dentoalveolar fractures, 562, 567

Depressor labii inferioris (DLI), paralysis of, lip rehabilitation for, 500

Dermabrasion, for scar revision, 644

Dermal flap. See Free tissue transfer.

Dermal layers, infantile hemangiomas description based on, 511

Dermal lesions, infantile hemangiomas classification of, 511–512

Deviated septum, septorhinoplasty for, clinical indications for, 505

guidelines for, 505–507

Device failure, following distraction procedures, 661

“Distraction failure,” 661

Distraction osteogenesis (DO), craniofacial, 653–664

approaches to, 656–657

complications of, 658–661

device failure as, 659, 661

hypertrophic scar as, 660

infection as, 660

mortality as, 661

nerve injury as, 660

neurovascular injury as, 659

relapse as, 658–659

suboptimal distraction vector as, 660–661

tooth injury as, 659

cranial vault, 657–658

indications for, 656–657

volumetric outcomes of, 662

description of, 653

follow-up care for, 658

for anomalies, 536

for LeFort advancement, 656–657

reported outcomes of, 662

in oromandibular reconstruction, 553, 556

key points of, 653

mandibular, 655–656

airway outcomes of, 661–662

midface, 656–657

reported outcomes of, 662

monobloc, 656–657

reported outcomes of, 662

osteotomies and device placement in, 656–657

outcomes of, 661–662

patient positioning for, 654

postoperative care for, 657–659

preoperative planning for, 654

preoperative preparation for, 654

selection of distractor, 654–656

cranial, 657–658

external vs. internal, 654–655

per facial zones, 655–656

summary overview of, 653, 663

surgical technique for, 654

underlying goal of, 653–654

upper face, 656

Distraction vector, craniofacial, devices and alteration of, 655

suboptimal, 660–661

Distractors, external, internal, and semi-internal, 654–655

failure of, 661

DO. See Distraction osteogenesis (DO).

Doppler stethoscope, for microtia reconstruction, 632

Dorsum. See Nasal dorsum.

Drains, surgical, in microtia reconstruction, 631, 634

Dressings, postoperative, for esthetic otoplasty, 616–618

for microtia reconstruction, 629, 635

Dynamic parameters, in zonal facial assessment, 488–489

E

Ear anatomy, in esthetic otoplasty, 612

Ear cup, plastic, for microtia reconstruction, 634

Ear deformities, microtia as, 623–638 . See also Microtia.

scope of esthetic, 611–612. See also Otoplasty.

Ear surgery, esthetic, 611–621 . See also Otoplasty.

reconstructive, 623–638 . See also Auricular reconstruction.

eFACE, for zonal facial assessment, 488–489

Electrocautery, in cleft palate repair, 582

Elevators, in cleft palate repair, 582

Endoscopic-assisted strip craniectomy with wedge craniectomy, for sagittal craniosynostosis, 538–539

Endothelial cell, proliferative neoplasms of, infantile hemangiomas related to, 509–510

corticosteroids effect on, 515

Environment factors, of craniofacial anomalies, 524

Epiphyseal growth center, in oromandibular reconstruction, 550, 553

proliferation of, in mandible development, 550

Erbium:YAG (Er:YAG) laser, for scar revision, 643–644

Esthetic ear surgery, 611–621 . See also Otoplasty.

Ethmoid sinuses, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 563

Etomidate, for procedural sedation, 640

Excision, for scar revision. See Re-excision and closure.

skin. See Skin excision.

surgical. See Surgical excision.

Eye(s). See also Ocular entries.

in midface distraction, 656

Eyelid injury, with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 571

Eyelid procedures, lower, in ocular rehabilitation, 488–490

upper, for infantile hemangiomas, 517–518

Eyelid weights, for ocular rehabilitation, 488–490

F

Facial anatomy, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 563–564

Facial anomalies, septorhinoplasty for, clinical indications for, 505

guidelines for, 505–507

Facial assessment, preoperative nerve rehabilitation, zonal, 488–489

Facial esthetics, in esthetic otoplasty, 612–613

Facial fractures, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 562

Facial nerve, injury of, consequences of, 488

following distraction procedures, 660

microtia and, 625

Facial nerve rehabilitation, 487–502

historical perspective of, 487

introduction to, 487–488

key points of, 487

preoperative planning for, 488–489

preoperative preparation for, 488

summary overview of, 501

treatment goals for, 488

zonal facial assessment tool for, 488–489

zone-based procedural approaches to, 488–500

lip, 500

nasal, 490, 492

ocular, 488–491

smile, 492–500. See also Smile rehabilitation.

synkinesis treatment in, 500

Facial reanimation surgery, 487–502 . See also Facial nerve rehabilitation; specific anatomical procedure.

Facial scars. See Scar entries.

Family history, for esthetic otoplasty, 612

for microtia, 625

Fascia flaps, for microtia reconstruction, temporoparietal. See Temporoparietal fascia (TPF) flap.

turnover, 630

Fasting, for procedural sedation, 640

Fat pads, localized, in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 562

Feeding, with cleft anomalies, 574, 581, 584

FGFR1, 2 and 3, craniofacial anomalies associated with, 524, 526–527

Fibula free flap, in oromandibular reconstruction, 551, 553–554, 556

Finance and budget, for multidisciplinary cleft team, 589

Fistula, oronasal, post-cleft palate repair, 584–585

post-speech surgery, 606

Fixation, for craniomaxillofacial trauma, 569–571

plates in, absorbable, 570–571

removable, 570

reduction and, 569–570

screws in, absorbable, 570–571

wires in, 569–570

for oromandibular reconstruction, bone plates in, 550, 552

maxillomandibular, 569–570

Flaps, bone, in oromandibular reconstruction, 550–554, 556

fascia, for microtia reconstruction, temporoparietal. See Temporoparietal fascia (TPF) flap.

turnover, 630

free tissue. See Free tissue transfer.

in 2-flap palatoplasty, for cleft palate repair, 581–583

myomucosal, in cleft palate repair, 582–584

in VPI surgery, 600, 603–606

nasal mucosal, in cleft palate repair, 582–584

neophiltral, in cleft lip repair, 579

nonvascularized, in oromandibular reconstruction, 552–553, 556

osteocutaneous. See Osteocutaneous free flaps.

pedicle, for microtia reconstruction, 631, 635

pharyngeal, in VPI surgery, 598, 601–602, 604

rectus abdominis, for oromandibular reconstruction, 555–556

scalp, in microtia reconstruction, 630, 634

scapular system, for oromandibular reconstruction, 556

vascularized, in oromandibular reconstruction, 550–552, 556

Fluence, in laser therapy, 643

Focal lesions, infantile hemangiomas classification of, 511–512

Forehead, in midface distraction, 656–657

Fractional lasers, for scar revision, ablative, 644

nonablative, 644

Fractures, greenstick, 561–562

in craniomaxillofacial trauma, cranial vault, 559, 562–563

frontoorbital maxillary, 564–566

mandibular, 562, 566–567

midface, 562

nasal, 562

patterns of, 562

LeFort. See LeFort I, II, and III fractures.

Framework base, for microtia reconstruction, with alloplastic implant, 633–635

with rib cartilage, Brent technique, 628–629

Nagata technique, 630

Free muscle transfer, gracilis. See also Gracilis muscle transfer.

in second stage smile rehabilitation, 493–494, 496–498

Free tissue transfer, in cleft lip repair, bilateral, 579

unilateral, 576

in cleft palate repair, with 2-flap palatoplasty, 581–583

in esthetic otoplasty, 620

in oromandibular reconstruction, 549–557

craniofacial development and, 550

craniofacial team for, 550

dental rehabilitation and, 556

donor site development and morbidity in, 552–556

introduction to, 549–550

key points of, 549

microvascular, 550–552, 556

recipient considerations and outcomes in, 550–552

summary overview of, 556

in scar revision, 648–649

Frenotomy, for ankyloglossia, 594

Frenuloplasty, for ankyloglossia, 594

Frenulum, articulation role of, 593

Frontofacial distraction osteogenesis, mortality rates with, 661

Fronto-orbital advancement (FOA), age parameters for, 538

for sagittal craniosynostosis, 539–542

principle of, 539

Frontoorbital complex, in midface distraction, 656–657

reported outcomes of, 662

Frontoorbital maxillary fractures, 564–566

inferior blowout/zygomaticomaxillary fractures, 564

LeFort I, II, and III fractures, 564–566, 570

nasal/nasoorbital ethmoid/medial blowout, 564, 566

Fronto-temporo-parietal defect, post-decompressive craniectomy, 533

Furlow palatoplasty, in cleft palate repair, 583–584

closure of, 584

incisions and flap creation for, 583–584

procedural design and markings for, 583

in VPI surgery, 599–602

complications of, 606–607

description of, 603–605

Furnas sutures, in esthetic otoplasty, 612, 616