1,25-Vitamin D₃ exerts its effect by binding with the VDR and then interacting with DNA to directly modulate the transcription of specific genes. The VDR is a member of the nuclear receptor family. 1,25-Vitamin D₃ enters a cell, binds with VDR in the cytoplasm, and then enters the nucleus of the cell. There, the complex interacts with cellular DNA by binding to various regulatory sites. In this way, vitamin D₃ and the VDR are able to modulate gene transcription. The VDR also forms heterodimers with other members of the nuclear receptor family, mainly the RXR. Most VDR signaling involves this heterodimer form.

Vitamin D is one of the fat-soluble vitamins. It is found in many foods, such as cod liver oil, many fish, egg yolks, and liver. More commonly, one encounters vitamin D as a supplement in many foods such as milk, breads, and cereals. Oral vitamin D supplements are easily obtained and well tolerated.

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