A

Ablative technologies, for laser skin resurfacing, 301–302

Academic journals, in EBM, 274, 395, 403

Acetyl-glutamate-glutamate-methionine-glutamate-arginine-arginine (Ac-EEMQRR), in skin care, 294

Acoustic rhinometry, in functional rhinoplasty outcome evaluation, 304–306, 309

Aesthetic outcomes, in EBM, of rhinoplasty, 304, 306–307

functional vs., 304–306

patient-reported, 398, 401. See also Patient satisfaction assessment.

with microvascular reconstruction, of oral cavity and oropharynx, 354

Airway management, with orofacial cleft anomalies, 368

Alar base, in cleft lip, 358–359

Algorithms, in EBM, 307, 403

Alpha hydroxy acids, in skin care, 289

Alpha tocopherol, in skin care, 293

Analgesia, in orofacial cleft anomaly surgery, 368

Anastomosis, in free flap transfer, 348

Anesthesia, and clinical outcomes, in closed reduction of nasal fracture, 337–338

Angle fractures, mandibular, 337–338

evidence-based management of, 338–340

Anomalies, orofacial cleft, 357–372 . See also Orofacial cleft anomalies.

vascular. See also Infantile hemangiomas (IHs).

ISSVA classification of, 373–374

Antibiotics, in facial fracture management, 336–337

in orofacial cleft anomaly surgery, 368

Antioxidants, in skin care, 289–294

vitamin A, 289

vitamin C, 289–292

vitamin E, 292–294

Antiviral therapy, for facial palsies, 316

clinical evidence of, 319, 324–325, 329

Appearance assessment, in EBM, 398–399

Argireline, in skin care, 294

Arm restraints, for orofacial cleft anomaly surgery, 368

Ascorbic acid, in skin care, 289–292

synergism with vitamin E, 292–294

Attrition bias, in systematic review, 275–276

Autonomy of physician, in EBM, 403

B

β-Blockers, for infantile hemangiomas, 378, 381–382

nonselective. See Propranolol .

Bell palsy (BP), 316

Bench research, in EBM, 303, 394

Bias/bias risk, in meta-analysis, 277

in systematic review, 275–276

Biopsy, of sun damaged skin, 287, 289

Blepharoplasty, patient satisfaction with, 401–402

Body image assessment, in EBM, 398–399

Bone-anchored suture technique (BAST), in rhinoplasty, 310

Bony defects, microvascular reconstruction for, in lateral mandible, 348–350

in oral cavity and oropharynx, 352–353

Botulinum toxin (BTX), for facial lines, patient satisfaction with, 402

for facial synkinesis, 315, 329

clinical evidence of, 319, 325–326

Breastfeeding, orofacial cleft anomalies and, 368

Broad band light (BBL), in laser skin resurfacing, 298–299

Brow reanimation, for facial palsies, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 325, 329

static vs. dynamic, 327–328

Business associate agreement (BAA), 402–403

B

β-Blockers, for infantile hemangiomas, 378, 381–382

nonselective. See Propranolol .

Bell palsy (BP), 316

Bench research, in EBM, 303, 394

Bias/bias risk, in meta-analysis, 277

in systematic review, 275–276

Biopsy, of sun damaged skin, 287, 289

Blepharoplasty, patient satisfaction with, 401–402

Body image assessment, in EBM, 398–399

Bone-anchored suture technique (BAST), in rhinoplasty, 310

Bony defects, microvascular reconstruction for, in lateral mandible, 348–350

in oral cavity and oropharynx, 352–353

Botulinum toxin (BTX), for facial lines, patient satisfaction with, 402

for facial synkinesis, 315, 329

clinical evidence of, 319, 325–326

Breastfeeding, orofacial cleft anomalies and, 368

Broad band light (BBL), in laser skin resurfacing, 298–299

Brow reanimation, for facial palsies, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 325, 329

static vs. dynamic, 327–328

Business associate agreement (BAA), 402–403

C

Cancer, of oral cavity and oropharynx, microvascular reconstruction for, 352–354

Carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) laser, in skin resurfacing, 301

Case series, in EBM, 303, 394

Case-control studies, in EBM, 303, 394

Certainty, in systematic review, 275

Chemical sunscreens, 286

Chemodenervation, for facial palsies, 313, 315, 329

clinical evidence of, 325

Chemotherapy, for oral cavity and oropharynx tumors, effect on microvascular reconstruction, 354

Classification systems, for facial palsies, 313–314

for infantile hemangiomas, 373–375

subclassifications in, 375–376

for lateral wall insufficiency, 305–306, 310

for maxillectomy defects, in microvascular reconstruction, 352–353

for orofacial cleft anomalies, 358–359

in EBM, 303–304, 394–395

Cleft lip, evidence-based review of, 357–372

classification system for, 358–359

cleft palate vs., 363–367

clinical outcomes of, 362

complications and concerns of, 362–363

maxillary growth, 363

wound issues, 362–363

general therapeutic considerations for, 367–368

airway concerns, 367–368

arm restraints, 368

feeding, 368

relevant pharmacology, 368

introduction to, 357–358

key points of, 357

levels of evidence in, 357–358

other therapeutic options for, 361–362

alveolar bone grafting, 361

lip adhesion, 361

nasoalveolar molding, 361

presurgical infant orthopedics, 360–361

primary rhinoplasty, 358, 360–362

summary overview of, 368

surgical techniques for, 359–361

bilateral, 360

timing of, 360–361

unilateral, 359–360

Cleft palate, evidence-based review of, 357–372

cleft lip vs., 358–363

clinical outcomes of, 366

complications and concerns of, 366–367

oronasal fistula, 366, 368

velopharyngeal insufficiency, 366–367

description of, 363

facial growth considerations in, 365

general therapeutic considerations for, 367–368

airway concerns, 367–368

arm restraints, 368

feeding, 368

relevant pharmacology, 368

introduction to, 357–358

key points of, 357

levels of evidence in, 357–358

other therapeutic options for, 366

tympanostomy tube placement, 366

speech considerations in, 364–365

VPI and, 366–367

summary overview of, 368

surgical techniques for, 363–365

Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty, 364–365

historical, 363

1-stage vs. 2-stage (Schweckendiek) palate repair, 365

timing of, 364–365

2-flap palatoplasty, 363–364

Clinical expertise, in EBM, 403

Clinical outcomes, in EBM, 395–396

Closed reduction, of mandible fractures, mandibular-maxillary fixation with, 338–341

open reduction vs., 341

of nasal fracture, anesthesia and, 337–338

Coaptation technique, for facial nerve repair, 324

Cochrane collaboration, as meta-analysis, 275, 277, 340, 351, 368

Cohort studies, in EBM, 274, 303, 394

Collagen, in photoaging, 286–287, 289

Columellar elongation, 2-stage repair with, for cleft lip, 360

Combination, multimodality therapy, for infantile hemangiomas, 388

Comparison, in systematic review, 274, 303

Computed tomography (CT) scan, in functional rhinoplasty outcome evaluation, 305

Computerized Decision Support Systems (CDSSs), 403

Computers, in EBM, 395, 402–403

Conclusions, in meta-analysis, 277, 281

Condylar fractures, mandibular, evidence-based management of, 340–341

Consensus, in systematic review, 275

Consent, for photodocumentation, 402

Copper glycine-histidine-lysine (CuGHK), in skin care, 294

Corneal protective measures, for facial palsies, 313

clinical evidence of, 316, 325

static vs. dynamic, 327

Cosmeceuticals, in skin care, 285, 287, 289, 294

Cross-face nerve grafting (CFNG), for facial palsies, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 322, 326, 328

Cupid peak, in cleft lip, 359

Cyclophosphamide, for infantile hemangiomas, 385, 388

D

Data collection, in EBM. See Expert data collection.

Data storage, in EBM, 402–403

Database search, in systematic review, 274–275, 395

Decision process, in EBM, 403

Decompression, surgical exploration and, in acute flaccid facial palsy, 319–322

Denervation, for facial palsies, chemical, 313, 315, 325

surgical, 325

Dental rehabilitation, for lateral mandibular defect, 348–349

Depressor labii inferioris, in facial palsies, 315, 326–327

Derriford Appearance Scale (DAS59), 398–399, 403

Detection bias, in systematic review, 275–276

Dexamethasone, in orofacial cleft anomaly surgery, 368

Disability assessment, in EBM, 398. See also Functional outcomes.

Disagreement, in systematic review, 275

Doppler probe, for free flap transfer evaluation, 348–349

E

EBM. See Evidence-based medicine (EBM).

eFACE graphical user interface, for facial palsies, 316–317

Efficacy outcomes, in EBM, 395

Electronic health record (EHR), 403

Electronic medical record (EMR), 402

E-mail updates, for EBM, 395

Error, in meta-analysis, 277, 281

Er:YAG laser, in skin resurfacing, 301

Estimations, in meta-analysis, 277, 281

Ethmoid fractures, naso-orbital, evidence-based management of, 343

Evidence, in systematic review, identification of, 274–275

quality of, 275

Evidence-based medicine (EBM), 393–405

advantages of, 297

barriers to, 403

classification systems for, 303–304, 394–395

expert data collection in, 395

facial nerve grading systems, 396–397

scar-assessment scales, 301, 398–400

storage and preparedness of, 402–403

facial reanimation and, 313–334 . See also Facial reanimation.

fracture management and, 335–345 . See also Fracture management.

incorporating into practice, 395

infantile hemangiomas and, 373–392 . See also Infantile hemangiomas (IHs).

introduction to, 393–394

key points of, 393

laser medicine and, 297–302 . See also Laser therapy.

levels of evidence in, 274, 303, 347, 394, 403. See also specific medicine or pathology.

analysis and review of, 273–283

microvascular reconstruction and, 347–356 . See also Microvascular reconstruction.

orofacial cleft anomalies and, 357–372 . See also Cleft lip; Cleft palate.

outcome measures in, 395–396. See also Outcome entries; specific measure.

electronic storage of, 402–403

patient satisfaction assessment in, 395–396

for facial rejuvenation, 401–402

patient-reported outcome measures in, 395–396

scope of, 398

tools for, 398–401

resources for, 274–275, 395

rhinoplasty and, 303–312 . See also Rhinoplasty .

skin care and, 285–295 . See also Skin care.

strength of recommendations in, 394–395

summary overview of, 393–394, 403

systematic review and meta-analysis for, 273–283 . See also Meta-analysis; Systematic review.

Excision, surgical, of infantile hemangiomas, 382, 388

Exclusion criteria, in systematic review, 274, 351

Experimental studies, systematic review of, 273–283 . See also Systematic review.

Expert data collection, in EBM, 395

facial nerve grading systems, 396–397

scar-assessment scales, 301, 398–400

storage and preparedness of, 402–403

Expert opinion, in EBM, 303, 394

Eye reanimation, for facial palsies, 314–315, 321

clinical evidence of, 325

static vs. dynamic, 327–328

Eyelid reanimation, for facial palsies, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 325

static vs. dynamic, 327

F

Facial fractures, evidence-based management of, 335–345 . See also Fracture management.

Facial growth, orofacial cleft anomaly repair and, 363, 365

Facial nerve grading systems, in EBM, 396–397

for palsies, 313–314, 316, 319

patient-reported, 398

Facial palsy (FP), classification of, 313–314, 319, 396

infectious causes of, 316, 319, 325

therapeutic options for. See Facial reanimation.

traumatic causes of, 319, 321–322

Facial reanimation, evidence-based, 313–334

chemodenervation in, 313, 315

clinical evidence of, 325

clinical outcomes of, 316–324

complications and concerns of, 329

corneal protection in, 313

clinical evidence of, 316, 325

definitions for, 313–314

dynamic procedures for, 314, 328–329

introduction to, 313

key points of, 313

nerve integrity and, 314, 319–321, 396

neurorrhaphy in, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 322–324

observation in, 313

clinical evidence of, 321–322

pharmaceutical therapy in, 313

clinical evidence of, 316, 319

physiotherapy in, 314–315

clinical evidence of, 318, 324–325

static procedures for, 314, 327, 329

summary overview of, 313, 329

surgical exploration and decompression in, 319–321

surgical techniques for, 313–316. See also specific anatomy.

clinical evidence of, 325–326

therapeutic options for, 313–315

static vs. dynamic, 314, 327–328

timing of interventions in, 313

clinical evidence of, 321–322

Fascia lata suspensions, for facial paralysis, 319, 326–327

Feeding protocols, for orofacial cleft anomalies, 368

Fibula free flap, for lateral mandibular defect, 349–350

Fillers, for facial palsies, 313–315

Fisher Subunit repair, for cleft lip, 359

Fistula, oronasal, post-cleft palate repair, 366, 368

Fitzpatrick score, in ablative laser skin resurfacing, 301

Fixation methods, for mandible management, open, 340–341

plating systems as, 338–340, 349

with lateral defect, 348–349

Fixed-effects model, of combined estimates, in meta-analysis, 281

Flaccid facial palsy (FFP), 313–314

evidence-based therapeutic options for, 313–316

Flap transfer, for cleft lip, 358–360

for cleft palate, 363–364

for lateral mandibular defect, 349–350

for oral cavity and oropharynx reconstruction, 350–354

for velopharyngeal insufficiency, 367

in microvascular reconstruction, 348

Forest plot, in meta-analysis, 277, 281

Fractional laser treatment, in skin resurfacing, intense pulsed light with, 301

split-scar, for surgical scar, 301

Fracture management, evidence-based, 335–345

antibiotics and, 336–337

future directions for, 343

introduction to, 335–336

key points of, 335

mandibular, 338–341

angle, 338–340

condyle, 340–341

subcondyle, 340–341

midface, 342–343

nasal, 337–338

orbital, 341–342

skull base, 343

summary overview of, 343–344

Freckles, retinoids for, 287–288

Free tissue transfer, for cleft lip, 358–360

for lateral mandibular defect, 349–350

for oral cavity and oropharynx reconstruction, 350–354

for velopharyngeal insufficiency, 367

in microvascular reconstruction, 348

Free-gracilis transfer, for facial palsies, 322

Frontal sinus fractures, evidence-based management of, 343

Functional outcomes, in EBM, 395–396, 398

Functional rhinoplasty, evidence-based, 304–306

outcome evaluation in, 304–306

aesthetic vs., 306–307

clinician-reported measures of, 305–306

controversies of, 304

discordance of objective and subjective measures, 306

objective anatomic measures of, 304–305

objective physiologic measures of, 305

patient-reported measures of, 305

surgical techniques for, 307–310

treatment algorithm in, 307–308

Furlow double-opposing Z-plasty, for cleft palate, 364–366