A

ACVR (anterior cranial vault reconstruction), for syndromic craniosynostosis, 533, 535

Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS), for craniomaxillofacial trauma, 607

Airway intervention/management, early, for craniofacial anomalies, 427–436

additional considerations of, 434–435

bedside clinical assessment, in diagnostic evaluation of, 427–428

craniofacial syndrome classification in, 427–428, 538

diagnostic evaluation of, 427–428

bedside clinical assessment in, 427–428

laboratory studies in, 428

polysomnography in, 428

introduction to, 427

key points of, 427

mandible hypoplasia and, 430–432

midface hypoplasia combined with, 432

midface hypoplasia and, 428–430

mandible hypoplasia combined with, 432

midline deformities and, 432–434

syndromic craniosynostosis, 427, 538

for craniomaxillofacial trauma, in pediatric patients, 607

Alar appearance, in cleft nasal deformity, 492

Alar base, in cleft nasal deformity, 487–488

symmetry of, 492

in Terrier clefts, 548–549, 554

in unilateral cleft lip repair, 459

Alar batten graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

Alar rim graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

Alar strut graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

Alar turn-in flap, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

Alcohol intake, craniomaxillofacial trauma related to, 606

maternal, fetal conditions related to. See Fetal alcohol syndrome.

Alloplastic reconstruction, for craniofacial microsomia, 510

for microtia, 580, 582, 588–589

complications of, 589

placement with skin graft, 589

pre- and postoperative photographs of, 589

prepared framework for, 588–589

TPF flap and, 588–589

ALT (anterolateral thigh) flap, for midface reconstruction, 600–601

Alveolar bone grafting, in cleft palate repair, 473–475

alternative products for, 474–475

complications of, 475

introduction to, 473

patient evaluation for, 474

presurgical orthodontic preparation for, 474

surgical technique for, 474

timing of, 473–474

Alveolar clefts, 547–549

repair of, in cleft palate, 473–475

bone grafting for, 473–475

gingivoperiosteoplasty for, 473

Alveolus, cleft lip and, feeding difficulties with, 439

in orofacial clefting, 454, 468

maxillary, in midface reconstruction, 594, 597, 601–602

Amniocentesis, in fetal craniofacial anomalies testing, 406–407, 416

Amniotic band sequence/syndrome, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 414–415, 419

Anatomic velopharyngeal dysfunction, 478

Anterior cranial vault reconstruction (ACVR), for syndromic craniosynostosis, 533, 535

Anterior plagiocephaly, 521

Anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap, for midface reconstruction, 600–601

Antibiotic prophylaxis, for craniomaxillofacial trauma, 606–607

Antley-Bixler syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 421

Apert syndrome, craniofacial anomalies related to, airway intervention for, 434

craniosynostosis associated with, 421–422

clinical characteristics of, 531–532, 538–539

molecular genetics of, 534, 538

Apnea. See Sleep apnea.

Aramany classification, of midface defects, 594–595

Arteriovenous malformations (AVM), clinical presentations of, 559–560, 566

Schobinger scale of severity for, 566, 568

treatment of, 569–570

Atresia, auricular, 579, 581. See also Microtia.

choanal, airway management for, 433–434

during surgical repair, 434

Atresiaplasty, for microtia, 579–580, 582

Audiology consultation, for microtia, 578

Auricle, external, normal anatomic landmarks of, 578

Auricular anomalies, in craniofacial microsomia, 496, 498

grading based on, 499

surgical correction of, 509–510

small or malformations as. See Microtia.

Auricular atresia, 579, 581. See also Microtia.

Autologous cartilage reconstruction, for microtia, 580–581

complications of, 589

pre- and postoperative photographs of, 587–588

stage I in, 583–586

framework carving, 584–586

incision for skin flap, 583–584

rib harvest, 584

skin marking for graft harvest, 582–583

template of normal ear, 582–583, 585

stage II in, 585–588

elliptical skin graft from thigh, 587–588

framework incision and flap advancement, 585–587

Autospreader technique, for cleft nasal deformity, 491

AVM. See Arteriovenous malformations (AVM).

Avulsions, with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 607–608

B

Baller-Gerold syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 421

Bandeau, supraorbital, in cranial vault reconstruction, 524–525

Barium swallow, in feeding evaluation, for craniofacial anomalies, 442–443

Batten graft, alar, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

caudal, for cleft nasal deformity, 490

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 534, 538

Bicoronal craniosynostosis, 524, 539

Bilateral cleft lip, in cleft nasal deformity, 488–489

surgical repair of, 454–457

algorithm for, 456–457

closure in, 456

feeding and, 454–455

flap mobilization in, 456

for complete anomaly, 454

lateral lip segments design in, 455–456

lip taping in, 454–455, 462

muscle dissection in, 456

NAM and, 454–455, 457, 462–464

overview of, 454–455

primary rhinoplasty in, 455–456

prolabial flap design in, 455–456

Bites, craniomaxillofacial trauma related to, 608

Blink rehabilitation, dynamic, for facial nerve paralysis, 574

Blood disorders, craniofacial deformities related to, 540

BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins), for alveolar cleft, 474–475

Bone conduction amplification, for hearing loss, with microtia, 579–580, 582

Bone dust, in cranial vault reconstruction, 525

Bone dysplasia. See Skeletal dysplasia syndromes.

Bone flap, frontal, in cranial vault reconstruction, 524

Bone fractures. See Fractures; specific anatomy or type.

Bone framework, in midface, defects classification based on, 593–595

management algorithm from, 596–597

Bone grafts, alternative products for, 474–475

alveolar, in cleft palate repair, 473–475. See also Alveolar bone grafting.

for craniofacial microsomia, 500–501, 510

Bone hypoplasia. See Skeletal hypoplasia syndromes.

Bone involvement, in Tessier clefts, 545–556

hypertelorism and, 556

Tessier 0, 546

Tessier 1, 547

Tessier 2, 547

Tessier 3, 548

Tessier 4, 549

Tessier 5, 549–550

Tessier 6, 550

Tessier 7, 551

Tessier 8, 551–552

Tessier 9, 552

Tessier 10, 552–553

Tessier 11, 553

Tessier 12, 553–554

Tessier 13, 554

Tessier 14, 555

Tessier 30, 555–556

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), for alveolar cleft, 474–475

Boo-Chai classification, of craniofacial clefts, 545

Boston-type craniosynostosis, 534

Bottles, for feeding management, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Brachycephaly, deformational, 519

syndromic craniosynostosis vs., 529, 532–533, 535, 537

Brachyturricephaly, 529, 535, 537

Brain anomalies, MRI of, 415–416

Brain development, in craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 517, 519, 521–522

secondary, 540

syndromic, 531–532

Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417

Breastfeeding, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Bronchoscopy, of craniofacial anomalies, for early airway intervention, 434–435

Brown and Shaw classification, of midface defects, 594

Burping, for feeding management, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Buttresses, facial, in midface reconstruction, 595–597, 601

B

Baller-Gerold syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 421

Bandeau, supraorbital, in cranial vault reconstruction, 524–525

Barium swallow, in feeding evaluation, for craniofacial anomalies, 442–443

Batten graft, alar, for cleft nasal deformity, 492

caudal, for cleft nasal deformity, 490

Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 534, 538

Bicoronal craniosynostosis, 524, 539

Bilateral cleft lip, in cleft nasal deformity, 488–489

surgical repair of, 454–457

algorithm for, 456–457

closure in, 456

feeding and, 454–455

flap mobilization in, 456

for complete anomaly, 454

lateral lip segments design in, 455–456

lip taping in, 454–455, 462

muscle dissection in, 456

NAM and, 454–455, 457, 462–464

overview of, 454–455

primary rhinoplasty in, 455–456

prolabial flap design in, 455–456

Bites, craniomaxillofacial trauma related to, 608

Blink rehabilitation, dynamic, for facial nerve paralysis, 574

Blood disorders, craniofacial deformities related to, 540

BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins), for alveolar cleft, 474–475

Bone conduction amplification, for hearing loss, with microtia, 579–580, 582

Bone dust, in cranial vault reconstruction, 525

Bone dysplasia. See Skeletal dysplasia syndromes.

Bone flap, frontal, in cranial vault reconstruction, 524

Bone fractures. See Fractures; specific anatomy or type.

Bone framework, in midface, defects classification based on, 593–595

management algorithm from, 596–597

Bone grafts, alternative products for, 474–475

alveolar, in cleft palate repair, 473–475. See also Alveolar bone grafting.

for craniofacial microsomia, 500–501, 510

Bone hypoplasia. See Skeletal hypoplasia syndromes.

Bone involvement, in Tessier clefts, 545–556

hypertelorism and, 556

Tessier 0, 546

Tessier 1, 547

Tessier 2, 547

Tessier 3, 548

Tessier 4, 549

Tessier 5, 549–550

Tessier 6, 550

Tessier 7, 551

Tessier 8, 551–552

Tessier 9, 552

Tessier 10, 552–553

Tessier 11, 553

Tessier 12, 553–554

Tessier 13, 554

Tessier 14, 555

Tessier 30, 555–556

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), for alveolar cleft, 474–475

Boo-Chai classification, of craniofacial clefts, 545

Boston-type craniosynostosis, 534

Bottles, for feeding management, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Brachycephaly, deformational, 519

syndromic craniosynostosis vs., 529, 532–533, 535, 537

Brachyturricephaly, 529, 535, 537

Brain anomalies, MRI of, 415–416

Brain development, in craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 517, 519, 521–522

secondary, 540

syndromic, 531–532

Branchio-oto-renal syndrome, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417

Breastfeeding, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Bronchoscopy, of craniofacial anomalies, for early airway intervention, 434–435

Brown and Shaw classification, of midface defects, 594

Burping, for feeding management, with craniofacial anomalies, 443

Buttresses, facial, in midface reconstruction, 595–597, 601

C

Canine bites, craniomaxillofacial trauma related to, 608

Canthi involvement, in Terrier clefts, 556

Capillary malformations, clinical presentations of, 559–560, 565–566

treatment of, 568–569

Cardiology evaluation, for genetic craniofacial conditions, 413–414

for vascular malformations, 566

Carpenter syndrome, craniosynostosis associated with, 421, 539

Cartilage, nasal. See Nasal cartilage.

tracheal, in craniofacial anomalies, airway intervention for, 434–435

Cartilage grafts, for cleft nasal deformity, for alar appearance, 492

for alar base symmetry, 492

for dorsal augmentation, 493

for internal valve rehabilitation, 491

for nasal sill symmetry, 493

for nasal tip correction, 491–492

for septal reconstruction, 489–491

harvest of, 489

for craniofacial microsomia, 500–501, 508, 510

for microtia, 580–588. See also Autologous cartilage reconstruction.

for primary cleft rhinoplasty, unilateral cleft lip and, 459

Caudal batten graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 490

Caudal septal extension graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 490

Caudal septum, for cleft nasal deformity, 490

Central apnea, Chiari malformation–related, 532

Cephalopolysyndactyly, Greig, craniosynostosis associated with, 534, 538

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), in syndromic craniosynostosis, 531–532, 535

CFM. See Craniofacial microsomia (CFM).

Champy plate fixation, for mandibular angle fractures, 613–614

CHARGE syndrome, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 414

craniofacial conditions associated with, 413–414, 416, 535

genetic counseling for, 416

Cheeks, feeding and swallowing mechanics of, 438

Chiari malformation, central apnea related to, 532

in syndromic craniosynostosis, 532, 535, 537

Choanal atresia, airway management for, 433–434

during surgical repair, 434

Chorionic villus sampling, in fetal craniofacial anomalies testing, 406–407, 416

Chromosome abnormalities/deletions, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417–418, 420

craniofacial conditions associated with, 413–416

feeding difficulties with, 440

laboratory studies of, 411–413

genetic counseling for, 416

in craniofacial microsomia, 496–497

Chromosome karyograms, for craniofacial conditions, 411–413

Cigarette smoking, fetal craniofacial conditions related to, 407–408

Cleft lip (CL), bilateral. See Bilateral cleft lip.

feeding difficulties with, 439

alveolus and, 439

in cleft nasal deformity, 487–489

surgical repair of, 453–466

bilateral, 454–457. See also Bilateral cleft lip.

epidemiology of, 453–454

introduction to, 453

key points of, 453

nasoalveolar molding in, 459–464

primary cleft rhinoplasty in, 464

summary of, 464

timing of, 454

unilateral, 456–460. See also Unilateral cleft lip.

Tessier clefts vs., 546–547, 549

unilateral. See Unilateral cleft lip.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP), as genetic craniofacial condition, 414–416, 419

clinical evaluation of, 405–416

genetic vs. nongenetic factors of, 416, 419

midline deformities with, 433–434

airway management for, 432–433

prenatal evaluation of, 406

prevalence of, 416

feeding difficulties with, 439–440

Cleft nasal deformity, cleft rhinoplasty for, 487–494

bilateral cleft lip anatomy in, 488–489

definitive, timing of, 489

developmental characteristics of, 487–489

intermediate, timing of, 488–489

introduction to, 487

key points of, 487

preoperative evaluation of, 489–490

summary of, 494

techniques for, 489–493

alar appearance in, 492

alar base symmetry in, 492

columellar length in, 489–490, 493

dorsal augmentation as, 493

graft harvest in, 489

internal valve rehabilitation in, 491

nasal sill symmetry in, 493

nasal tip correction as, 491–492

septal reconstruction as, 489–491

surgical approaches in, 489–490

timing of, 488–489

unilateral cleft lip anatomy in, 487–488

in Tessier’s classification, 548–549. See also Tessier clefts.

Cleft palate (CP), as genetic craniofacial condition, 417–420

clinical evaluation of, 405–416

in orofacial clefting classification, 454

surgical repair and, 468

micrognathia and glossoptosis with. See Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).

prenatal evaluation of, 406

prevalence of, 419

PRS associated with, 418, 420, 422

submucous, 419–420

effect on speech and resonance, 449–450

feeding difficulties with, 439

primary surgical repair of, 468–473

complications of, 472–473

Furlow double-opening Z-palatoplasty in, 470–471

outcomes of, 472

Oxford/three-flap technique in, 471–472

patient positioning for, 468–469

postprocedural care of, 472

preoperative planning and considerations of, 468

techniques for, 469–473

timing of, 468

two-flap palatoplasty in, 469–470

Von Langenbeck palatoplasty in, 471

secondary. See also Velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI).

effect on speech and resonance, 446

surgical repair of, 467–476

alveolar cleft management in, 473–475

classification schemes in, 468

genetics and prenatal diagnosis in, 467–468

introduction to, 467–468

key points of, 467

multidisciplinary approach to, 468

patient assessment for, 468

physical assessment for, 468

primary, 468–473

summary of, 475

Cleft rhinoplasty, for cleft nasal deformity, 487–494

bilateral cleft lip anatomy in, 488–489

definitive, timing of, 489

developmental characteristics of, 487–489

intermediate, timing of, 488–489

introduction to, 487

key points of, 487

preoperative evaluation of, 489–490

summary of, 494

techniques for, 489–493

alar appearance in, 492

alar base symmetry in, 492

columellar length in, 489–490, 493

dorsal augmentation as, 493

graft harvest in, 489

internal valve rehabilitation in, 491

nasal sill symmetry in, 493

nasal tip correction as, 491–492

septal reconstruction as, 489–491

surgical approaches in, 489–490

timing of, 488–489

unilateral cleft lip anatomy in, 487–488

primary, for cleft lip, 464

bilateral, 455–456

outcomes of, 464

unilateral, 459

Cleidocranial dysplasia, craniosynostosis associated with, 534

parietal foramina and, 534

Clinical assessment/evaluation, of cleft lip/cleft palate, 405–416

for surgical repair, 454, 468, 474

of craniofacial anomalies, bedside, for early airway intervention, 427–428

Closed reduction, of craniomaxillofacial fractures, in pediatric patients, 607

mandibular condyle, 613

nasal, 611

CLP. See Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP).

Cognitive impairment, with craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 517, 521–522

syndromic, 531–532

Columellar lengthening, for cleft nasal deformity, 489–490, 493

Columellar strut graft, for cleft nasal deformity, 491

in nasal tip correction, 491

Compensatory strategies, for feeding management, with craniofacial anomalies, 443–444

Complex craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 521, 524

Complex microsurgical midface reconstruction, 593–603 . See also Midface reconstruction.

Computed tomography (CT) scan, in midface reconstruction, 598

3-D stereotactic, 593, 595, 597–598, 601–602

of craniofacial anomalies, for early airway intervention, 428–430, 433

of craniofacial microsomia, 497, 509

of craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 519, 528

syndromic, 533, 535–537

of facial fractures, frontal sinus, 608–609

in craniomaxillofacial trauma, 607

Le Fort, 611–612

mandible, 611, 613

mandibular angle, 614

mandibular condyle, 614

nasal, 611, 613

orbital, 610

zygomatico-maxillary complex (ZMC) fractures, 610

of genetic craniofacial conditions, 413–414, 416

Condylar fractures, mandibular, with craniomaxillofacial trauma, 613–615

Conformers, nasal, for airway intervention, in midline deformities, 434

Congenital craniofacial anomalies/conditions. See also Craniofacial anomalies.

clefts as. See Facial clefts/clefting; specific cleft.

craniosynostosis related to. See also Craniosynostosis.

secondary, 540

facial nerve paralysis related to, 573

genetic evaluation of, 405–425, 467–468. See also Genetic evaluation.

in craniofacial microsomia, 495–496, 498

vascular lesions as, 559–571 . See also Vascular lesions.

Conservative management. See Observation.

Cordeiro and Santamaria classification, of midface defects, 594

Cornelia de Lange syndrome, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417

Coronal craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 521–522, 525

syndromic, 532

Cousley and Calvert treatment proposal, for craniofacial microsomia, 508–509

CP. See Cleft palate (CP).

Cranial cleft, medial, 553–555

Cranial nerve, in craniofacial microsomia, 498, 500

in facial nerve rehabilitation, 574

Cranial sutures, in craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 517, 519

secondary, 540

syndromic, 531–532

in deformational plagiocephaly, 517

in normal skull, 519–520

Cranial vault distraction osteogenesis, for craniosynostosis, nonsyndromic, 526, 528

syndromic, 533–537

risks of, 535–536

Cranial vault reconstruction, for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, 523–526

advantages of, 523

frontoorbital advancement in, 523–525

posterior cranial vault reconstruction in, 525–526

total cranial vault reconstruction in, 525–526

for syndromic craniosynostosis, 533–537

anterior cranial vault reconstruction in, 533, 535

frontoorbital advancement in, 532–533, 536–537

Le Fort osteotomies in, 533, 536–537

posterior cranial vault reconstruction in, 534

Craniofacial anomalies, craniosynostosis associated with. See Craniosynostosis.

early airway intervention for, 427–436

additional considerations of, 434–435

craniofacial syndrome classification in, 427–428, 434

diagnostic evaluation of, 427–428

bedside clinical assessment in, 427–428

laboratory studies in, 428

polysomnography in, 428

introduction to, 427

key points of, 427

mandible hypoplasia and, 430–432

midface hypoplasia combined with, 432

midface hypoplasia and, 428–430

mandible hypoplasia combined with, 432

midline deformities and, 432–434

feeding management for, 437–444

difficult mechanics of, 438–440

evaluation for, 441–443

healthy, typical developing newborn vs., 438

introduction to, 437

key points of, 437

social-emotional interactions in, 440–441

outcomes and goals of, 441

summary of, 444

techniques in, 443–444

genetic evaluation of, 405–425

additional aspects of, 413–416

family history in, 408, 410–411

genetic counseling in, 416

genetic testing in, 406–407

introduction to, 405

key points of, 405

laboratory analysis in, 411–413

medical history in, 407–408, 410

physical examination in, 409–412

prenatal, 406–407

purpose of, 405–406, 467–468

syndromes and disorders associated with, 414–423

cleft lip with or without cleft palate as, 414–416, 419

cleft palate as, 417–420

craniosynostosis as, 421–423

Pierre Robin sequence as, 418, 420, 422

syndromic craniosynostosis and, 534, 538

teratogens in, 406–408

iatrogenic, 540

microtia as, 577–591 . See also Microtia.

speech and resonance evaluation with, 445–451

instrumental assessment in, 449–450

intraoral examination in, 448–449

introduction to, 445–446

key points of, 445

perceptual assessment in, 446–448

summary of, 450–451

surgical repair of. See specific pathology or procedure.

Craniofacial clefts. See also Facial clefts/clefting.

Tessier classification of, 545–558 . See also Tessier clefts.

Craniofacial microsomia (CFM), 495–515

cause of, 495

classification systems for, 496–500

cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417, 419, 550–551

clinical presentations of, 496, 498

environmental factors of, 496

epidemiology of, 495

genetics of, 496–497

introduction to, 495

key points of, 495

pathogenesis of, 495–496, 498

summary of, 510–511

surgical treatment of, 497–510

delayed, increasing support for, 501–510

distraction osteogenesis in, 500–501

distraction stability in, 501

ear anomalies correction in, 509–510

grafts in, 500–501

history of, 500

modern approach to, 500

overview of, 497

soft tissue correction in, 508–509

timing of, 498, 500–501

TMJ reconstruction in, 500–501, 508

terminology for, 495

treatment goals for, 497

Craniofacial syndromes. See also specific syndrome.

classification of, cleft palate repair and, 468

for early airway intervention, 427–428, 434

Craniofrontonasal dysplasia, craniosynostosis associated with, 421, 534

Craniomaxillofacial fractures, MMF of, condylar, 613, 615

in pediatric patients, 607

mandibular, 612–613

mandibular angle, 613–614

Craniomaxillofacial trauma, 605–617

antibiotic prophylaxis for, 606–607

closed reduction for, in pediatric patients, 607

epidemiology of, 605–606

evaluation of, 607

fixation for. See Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF).

fractures with, 608–615

frontal sinus, 608–609

Le Fort, 607, 611–612

mandible, 606–607, 611–613

mandibular angle, 613–614

mandibular condyle, 613–615

nasal, 611, 613

naso-orbito-ethmoidal, 608–609

orbital, 607–610

zygomatico-maxillary complex, 610

key points of, 605

open reduction and internal fixation for, in pediatric patients, 607

pediatric, 606–607, 614–615

perioperative prophylaxis for, 606–607

soft tissue injuries with, 607–608

avulsions as, 607–608

bites as, 608

facial nerve and, 608

lacerations as, 607–608

parotid duct and, 608

steroid prophylaxis for, 607

Cranioplasty, frontal, for syndromic craniosynostosis, 533

secondary, for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, 528

Craniosynostosis, as genetic craniofacial condition, chromosome studies of, 413

definition of, 422

syndromes associated with, 421–423, 531

bicoronal, 524, 539

classification of, 519–520

definition of, 517, 519

nonsyndromic, 517–530 . See also Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis.

shunt-induced, 533, 536–537

syndromic, 531–543 . See also Syndromic craniosynostosis.

Cranium, normal anatomy of, 519–520

Crouzon syndrome, craniofacial anomalies related to, airway intervention for, 434

craniosynostosis associated with, 421–422

clinical characteristics of, 532, 538–539

molecular genetics of, 534, 538

CSF (cerebrospinal fluid), in syndromic craniosynostosis, 531–532, 535

CT scan. See Computed tomography (CT) scan.

Cupid’s bow, in orofacial clefting, 454, 546

in unilateral cleft lip repair, 458

Cupid’s peak, in bilateral cleft lip repair, 455

Cutting guides, for midface reconstruction, 599

D

Davison classification, of midface defects, 594

Debulking, surgical, for hemangioma, 565–567

in midface reconstruction, 601

Definitive cleft rhinoplasty, for cleft nasal deformity, 489

Deformational brachycephaly, 519

syndromic craniosynostosis vs., 529, 532–533, 535, 537

Deformational dolichocephaly, 519–520

Deformational plagiocephaly (DP), 517–519

anterior, 521

causes of, 517–518

description of, 517, 519

head shape in, 517–519

lambdoid craniosynostosis vs., 521–523

terminology for, 517, 519

treatment of, 518–519

Deglutition, normal mechanics of, 438

Dental development, craniomaxillofacial fractures treatment and, 607, 614–615

in craniofacial microsomia, 500, 508–509

Dental implants, in midface reconstruction, 594, 597

Developmental anomalies, craniofacial microsomia as, 495–496

Developmental history, for craniofacial conditions, 407–408, 410

for syndromic craniosynostosis, 532

Diabetes, maternal, fetal craniofacial conditions related to, 406

Diabetic embryopathy, cleft lip/cleft palate associated with, 417, 419

craniofacial conditions related to, 414–415

DiGeorge syndrome, cleft palate associated with, 420

Displacement, of mandibular condyle fractures, in children, 614–615

Distraction osteogenesis (DO), cranial vault, for nonsyndromic craniosynostosis, 526, 528

for syndromic craniosynostosis, 533–537

risks of, 535–536

mandibular. See Mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO).

transsutural, for syndromic craniosynostosis, 535

Dolichocephaly, deformational, 519–520

Dorsal augmentation, for cleft nasal deformity, 493

Double-opposing Z-plasty palatoplasty, for velopharyngeal dysfunction, 479–481

Down syndrome, chromosome anomalies associated with, 411–412

craniofacial anomalies related to, airway intervention for, 434

Drug abuse, craniomaxillofacial trauma related to, 606

Dynamic blink rehabilitation, for facial nerve paralysis, 574

Dynamic flaps, for smile restoration, free muscle transfer, 574–575

temporalis regional, 574

Dysplasia syndromes. See Skeletal dysplasia syndromes.