Metal
Country/region, period
Dermatitis patients
General population
Ref.
n
W
M
Total
n
W
M
Total
Ni
Europe, 1985–2010a
180,390
17–32
3–10
12–25
[11]
Europe 2005–2006
19,793
19–24
[12]
Denmark 1990/2006
3,460
9
1
5.9
[13]
Denmark, 1995–1996b
1,146
13.7
2.5
8.6
[14]
Spain, 2000–2005
1,092
26
3
29.3
[15]
North America, 2009–2010
4,294
15.5
[16]
Co
Europe 2005–2006
19,793
6.2–8.8
[12]
Denmark 1990/2006
3,460
0.4
0.1
0.2
[13]
Denmark, 1995–1996b
1,146
1.5
0.6
1.0
[14]
Sweden
3,790
7
9
[17]
North America, 2009–2010
4,303
6.2
[16]
Spain 2000–2005
1,092
8.3
2.4
10.8
[15]
Cr
Denmark 1985–2007
16,228
2.5
2.4
2.5
[18]
Denmark 1990/2006
3,460
0.3
0
0.1
[13]
Europe 2005–2006
19,793
4.5–5.9
[12]
Denmark, 1995–1996b
1,146
0.2
1.0
0.5
[14]
North America 2009–2010
4,306
2.3
[16]
Spain 2000–2005
1,092
4.1
3.4
7.5
[15]
Pd
Spain 2000–2005
1,092
10.5
1.2
11.7
[15]
Italy 1991–2000
4,446
6.7
2.3
5.3
[19]
Italy 2006
3,093
13
[20]
11.5.1 Nickel
Occupational nickel dermatitis is often presented as chronic hand eczema. Nickel dermatitis in consumers is often explained by prolonged contact with different personal nickel-releasing items. However, it must be stressed that also consumers develop hand eczema by repetitive contact with a broad range of nickel-releasing items in everyday life (Table 11.2).
Table 11.2
Examples of sources of exposures for consumers and occupational workers
Metal | Sources of exposure – examples | |
|---|---|---|
Consumer items | Occupational groups | |
Ni | Belts, buttons, coins, doorknobs, handles, jewellery, keys, laptops, mobile phones, sewing materials, tools, watches | Carpenters, cashiers, dental technicians, electricians, hair dressers, plating industry workers, metal workers, tailors |
Co | Body implants, dental implants, jewellery (to some extent), paints, putties | Dental technicians, hard metal workers, metal workers, painters, pottery workers, printing industry |
Cr | Cement, dental implants, galvanised metal items, leather items (belts, boots, gloves, shoes, wrist bands) | Construction workers, dental technicians, tannery workers |
Pd | Dental implants, jewellery | Analytical chemists, electroplating workers, jewellers |
Au | Dental materials, intracoronary stents | Electronics workers, jewellers |
11.5.2 Chromium
Patients often have a persistent eczema, sometimes widespread. It can sometimes be missed due to the fact that it resembles atopic dermatitis, due to a marked dryness and lichenification. Cement eczema is often initially displayed at the dorsal aspect of the hands, in a nummular pattern. It can in a later stage also involve the rest of the hand. Foot dermatitis is also common due to chromium in leather shoes or boots; hand eczema due to leather gloves and other leather items in contact with the hands is also seen.
11.5.3 Cobalt
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