10.
Barbour LA, Shao J, Qiao L, et al. Human placental growth hormone increases expression of the p85 regulatory unit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and triggers severe insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Endocrinology. 2004;145(3):1144–50.PubMed
11.
Coate KC, Smith MS, Shiota M, et al. Hepatic glucose metabolism in late pregnancy: normal versus high-fat and -fructose diet. Diabetes. 2013;62(3): 753–61.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
Catalano PM, Huston L, Amini SB, Kalhan SC. Longitudinal changes in glucose metabolism during pregnancy in obese women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(4):903–16.PubMed
13.
Hivert MF, Sullivan LM, Fox CS, et al. Associations of adiponectin, resistin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha with insulin resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008;93(8):3165–72.PubMedCentralPubMed
14.
Kirwan JP, Hauguel-De MS, Lepercq J, et al. TNF-alpha is a predictor of insulin resistance in human pregnancy. Diabetes. 2002;51(7):2207–13.PubMed
15.
Boyle KE, Newsom SA, Janssen RC, Lappas M, Friedman JE. Skeletal muscle MnSOD, mitochondrial complex II, and SIRT3 enzyme activities are decreased in maternal obesity during human pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(10):E1601–9.PubMed
16.
Yang H, Youm YH, Vandanmagsar B, et al. Obesity increases the production of proinflammatory mediators from adipose tissue T cells and compromises TCR repertoire diversity: implications for systemic inflammation and insulin resistance. J Immunol. 2010;185(3):1836–45.PubMed
17.
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante Jr AW. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003;112(12):1796–808.PubMedCentralPubMed
18.
Resi V, Basu S, Haghiac M, et al. Molecular inflammation and adipose tissue matrix remodeling precede physiological adaptations to pregnancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;303(7):E832–40.PubMedCentralPubMed
19.
Friedman JE, Kirwan JP, Jing M, Presley L, Catalano PM. Increased skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor-alpha and impaired insulin signaling persist in obese women with gestational diabetes mellitus 1 year postpartum. Diabetes. 2008;57(3):606–13.PubMed
20.
Koren O, Goodrich JK, Cullender TC, et al. Host remodeling of the gut microbiome and metabolic changes during pregnancy. Cell. 2012;150(3):470–80.PubMedCentralPubMed
21.
Abu-Shanab A, Quigley EM. The role of the gut microbiota in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;7(12):691–701.PubMed
22.
Henao-Mejia J, Elinav E, Jin C, et al. Inflammasome-mediated dysbiosis regulates progression of NAFLD and obesity. Nature. 2012;482(7384):179–85.PubMedCentralPubMed
23.
Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M. Interactions between gut microbiota and host metabolism predisposing to obesity and diabetes. Annu Rev Med. 2011;62:361–80.PubMed
24.
Lain KY, Catalano PM. Metabolic changes in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2007;50(4):938–48.PubMed
25.
Cisneiros RM, Dutra LP, Silveira FJ, et al. Visceral adiposity in the first half of pregnancy predicts newborn weight among adolescent mothers. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2013;35(8):704–9.PubMed
26.
Hay WW. Early postnatal nutritional requirements of the very preterm infant based on a presentation at the NICHD-AAP workshop on research in neonatology. J Perinatol. 2006;26 Suppl 2:S13–8.PubMed
27.
Herrera E. Metabolic adaptations in pregnancy and their implications for the availability of substrates to the fetus. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000;54 Suppl 1:S47–51.PubMed
28.
Catalano PM, Nizielski SE, Shao J, Preston L, Qiao L, Friedman JE. Downregulated IRS-1 and PPARgamma in obese women with gestational diabetes: relationship to FFA during pregnancy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2002;282(3):E522–33.PubMed
29.
Ramsay JE, Ferrell WR, Crawford L, Wallace AM, Greer IA, Sattar N. Maternal obesity is associated with dysregulation of metabolic, vascular, and inflammatory pathways. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(9):4231–7.PubMed
30.
Catalano PM, Roman-Drago NM, Amini SB, Sims EA. Longitudinal changes in body composition and energy balance in lean women with normal and abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(1):156–65.PubMed
31.
Radaelli T, Lepercq J, Varastehpour A, Basu S, Catalano PM, Hauguel-De MS. Differential regulation of genes for fetoplacental lipid pathways in pregnancy with gestational and type 1 diabetes mellitus. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;201(2):209.PubMedCentralPubMed
32.
Koletzko B, Larque E, Demmelmair H. Placental transfer of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA). J Perinat Med. 2007;35 Suppl 1:S5–11.PubMed
33.
Hay Jr WW. Metabolic interrelationships of placenta and fetus. Placenta. 1995;16(1):19–30.PubMed
34.
Helland IB, Saugstad OD, Saarem K, Van Houwelingen AC, Nylander G, Drevon CA. Supplementation of n-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation reduces maternal plasma lipid levels and provides DHA to the infants. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19(7):397–406.PubMed
35.
McCurdy CE, Bishop JM, Williams SM, et al. Maternal high-fat diet triggers lipotoxicity in the fetal livers of nonhuman primates. J Clin Invest. 2009;119(2):323–35.PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
Frias AE, Morgan TK, Evans AE, et al. Maternal high-fat diet disturbs uteroplacental hemodynamics and increases the frequency of stillbirth in a nonhuman primate model of excess nutrition. Endocrinology. 2011;152(6):2456–64.PubMedCentralPubMed
37.
Challier JC, Basu S, Bintein T, et al. Obesity in pregnancy stimulates macrophage accumulation and inflammation in the placenta. Placenta. 2008;29(3): 274–81.PubMed
38.
Zhu R, Hu XQ, Xiao D, et al. Chronic hypoxia inhibits pregnancy-induced upregulation of SKCa channel expression and function in uterine arteries. Hypertension. 2013;62(2):367–74.PubMed
39.
Heerwagen MJ, Stewart MS, de la Houssaye BA, Janssen RC, Friedman JE. Transgenic increase in N-3/n-6 fatty acid ratio reduces maternal obesity-associated inflammation and limits adverse developmental programming in mice. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e67791.PubMedCentralPubMed
40.
van der Burg JW, Allred EN, McElrath TF, et al. Is maternal obesity associated with sustained inflammation in extremely low gestational age newborns? Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(12):949–55.PubMed
41.
Kumar SD, Dheen ST, Tay SS. Maternal diabetes induces congenital heart defects in mice by altering the expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2007;6:34.PubMedCentralPubMed
42.
Jiang B, Kumar SD, Loh WT, et al. Global gene expression analysis of cranial neural tubes in embryos of diabetic mice. J Neurosci Res. 2008;86(16):3481–93.PubMed
43.
Phelan SA, Ito M, Loeken MR. Neural tube defects in embryos of diabetic mice: role of the Pax-3 gene and apoptosis. Diabetes. 1997;46(7):1189–97.PubMed
44.
Reece EA, Wiznitzer A, Homko CJ, Hagay Z, Wu YK. Synchronization of the factors critical for diabetic teratogenesis: an in vitro model. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1996;174(4):1284–8.PubMed
45.
Lashen H, Fear K, Sturdee DW. Obesity is associated with increased risk of first trimester and recurrent miscarriage: matched case-control study. Hum Reprod. 2004;19(7):1644–6.PubMed
46.
Clark AM, Ledger W, Galletly C, et al. Weight loss results in significant improvement in pregnancy and ovulation rates in anovulatory obese women. Hum Reprod. 1995;10(10):2705–12.PubMed
48.
Ouzilleau C, Roy MA, Leblanc L, Carpentier A, Maheux P. An observational study comparing 2-hour 75-g oral glucose tolerance with fasting plasma glucose in pregnant women: both poorly predictive of birth weight. CMAJ. 2003;168(4):403–9.PubMedCentralPubMed
49.
Kierans WJ, Joseph KS, Luo ZC, Platt R, Wilkins R, Kramer MS. Does one size fit all? The case for ethnic-specific standards of fetal growth. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2008;8:1.PubMedCentralPubMed
50.
Mandal M, Donnelly R, Elkabes S, et al. Maternal immune stimulation during pregnancy shapes the immunological phenotype of offspring. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;33:33–45.PubMed
51.
Pruis MG, Lendvai A, Bloks VW, et al. Maternal western diet primes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in adult mouse offspring. Acta Physiol (Oxf). 2014;210(1):215–27.
52.
Elovitz MA, Brown AG, Breen K, Anton L, Maubert M, Burd I. Intrauterine inflammation, insufficient to induce parturition, still evokes fetal and neonatal brain injury. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2011;29(6): 663–71.PubMedCentralPubMed
53.
Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, et al. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012;336(6086):1262–7.PubMed
54.
Basu S, Haghiac M, Surace P, et al. Pregravid obesity associates with increased maternal endotoxemia and metabolic inflammation. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2011;19(3):476–82.
55.
Catalano PM. Obesity, insulin resistance, and pregnancy outcome. Reproduction. 2010;140(3):365–71.PubMed
56.
Barbour LA, McCurdy CE, Hernandez TL, Kirwan JP, Catalano PM, Friedman JE. Cellular mechanisms for insulin resistance in normal pregnancy and gestational diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30 Suppl 2: S112–9.PubMed