Brooks BJ. Studies on the triglyceride—fatty acid cycle. Oxford: Merton College; 2013.

Brown NF, Hill JK, Esser V, Kirkland JL, Corkey BE, Foster DW, McGarry JD. Mouse white adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells display an anomalous pattern of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I isoform expression during differentiation. Inter-tissue and inter-species expression of CPT I and CPT II enzymes. Biochem J. 1997;327(Pt 1):225–31.PubMedCentralPubMed

Cadoudal T, Distel E, Durant S, Fouque F, Blouin JM, Collinet M, Bortoli S, Forest C, Benelli C. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4: regulation by thiazolidinediones and implication in glyceroneogenesis in adipose tissue. Diabetes. 2008;57:2272–9.PubMedCentralPubMed

Calder PC. Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma. Eur J Pharmacol. 2011;668:S50–8.PubMed

Campbell PJ, Carlson MG, Hill JO, Nurjhan N. Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification. Am J Physiol. 1992;263:E1063–9.PubMed

Cannon B, Nedergaard J. The physiological role of pyruvate carboxylation in hamster brown adipose tissue. Eur J Biochem. 1979;94:419–26.PubMed

Cannon B, Nedergaard J. Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:277–359.PubMed

Carneheim C, Nedergaard J, Cannon B. Beta-adrenergic stimulation of lipoprotein lipase in rat brown adipose tissue during acclimation to cold. Am J Physiol. 1984;246:E327–33.PubMed

Chascione C, Elwyn DH, Davila M, Gil KM, Askanazi J, Kinney JM. Effect of carbohydrate intake on de novo lipogenesis in human adipose tissue. Am J Physiol. 1987;253:E664–9.PubMed

Chaston TB, Dixon JB. Factors associated with percent change in visceral versus subcutaneous abdominal fat during weight loss: findings from a systematic review. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32:619–28.

Chen D, Reierstad S, Lin Z, Lu M, Brooks C, Li N, Innes J, Bulun SE. Prostaglandin E(2) induces breast cancer related aromatase promoters via activation of p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase in adipose fibroblasts. Cancer Res. 2007;67:8914–22.PubMed

Christoffolete MA, Linardi CC, de Jesus L, Ebina KN, Carvalho SD, Ribeiro MO, Rabelo R, Curcio C, Martins L, Kimura ET, Bianco AC. Mice with targeted disruption of the Dio2 gene have cold-induced overexpression of the uncoupling protein 1 gene but fail to increase brown adipose tissue lipogenesis and adaptive thermogenesis. Diabetes. 2004;53:577–84.PubMed

Cinti S. The adipose organ. Milano: Editrice Kurtis; 1999.

Cinti S. Adipocyte differentiation and transdifferentiation: plasticity of the adipose organ1. J Endocrinol Invest. 2002;25:823–35.PubMed

Cinti S. The adipose organ at a glance. Dis Model Mech. 2012;5:588–94.PubMedCentralPubMed

Claria J, Dalli J, Yacoubian S, Gao F, Serhan CN. Resolvin D1 and resolvin D2 govern local inflammatory tone in obese fat. J Immunol. 2012;189:2597–605.PubMedCentralPubMed

Crandall DL, Hausman GJ, Kral JG. A review of the microcirculation of adipose tissue: anatomic, metabolic, and angiogenic perspectives. Microcirculation. 1997;4:211–32.PubMed

Danforth E Jr. Failure of adipocyte differentiation causes type II diabetes mellitus? Nat Genet. 2000;26:13.PubMed

Daval M, Diot-Dupuy F, Bazin R, Hainault I, Viollet B, Vaulont S, Hajduch E, Ferre P, Foufelle F. Anti-lipolytic action of AMP-activated protein kinase in rodent adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 2005;280:25250–7.PubMed

Despres JP, Lemieux I. Abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome. Nature. 2006;444:881–7.PubMed

Deveaud C, Beauvoit B, Salin B, Schaeffer J, Rigoulet M. Regional differences in oxidative capacity of rat white adipose tissue are linked to the mitochondrial content of mature adipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem. 2004;267:157–66.PubMed

Djouder N, Tuerk RD, Suter M, Salvioni P, Thali RF, Scholz R, Vaahtomeri K, Auchli Y, Rechsteiner H, Brunisholz RA, Viollet B, Makela TP, Wallimann T, Neumann D, Krek W. PKA phosphorylates and inactivates AMPKalpha to promote efficient lipolysis. EMBO J. 2010;29:469–81.PubMedCentralPubMed

Enzi G, Gasparo M, Biondetti PR, Fiore D, Semisa M, Zurlo F. Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography. Am J Clin Nutr. 1986;44:739–46.PubMed

Farmer SR. Transcriptional control of adipocyte formation. Cell Metab. 2006;4:263–73.PubMedCentralPubMed

Festuccia WTL, Guerra-Sa R, Kawashita NH, Garofalo MAR, Evangelista EA, Rodrigues V, Kettelhut IC, Migliorini RH. Expression of glycerokinase in brown adipose tissue is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003;284:R1536–41.PubMed

Fisher FM, Kleiner S, Douris N, Fox EC, Mepani RJ, Verdeguer F, Wu J, Kharitonenkov A, Flier JS, Maratos-Flier E, Spiegelman BM. FGF21 regulates PGC-1alpha and browning of white adipose tissues in adaptive thermogenesis. Genes Dev. 2012;26:271–81.PubMedCentralPubMed

Flachs P, Horakova O, Brauner P, Rossmeisl M, Pecina P, Franssen-van Hal NL, Ruzickova J, Sponarova J, Drahota Z, Vlcek C, Keijer J, Houstek J, Kopecky J. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat. Diabetologia. 2005;48:2365–75.PubMed

Flachs P, Mohamed-Ali V, Horakova O, Rossmeisl M, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Hensler M, Ruzickova J, Kopecky J. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin induce adiponectin in mice fed high-fat diet. Diabetologia. 2006;49:394–7.PubMed

Flachs P, Ruhl R, Hensler M, Janovsk P, Zouhar P, Kus V, Macek JZ, Papp E, Kuda O, Svobodova M, Rossmeisl M, Tsenov G, Mohamed-Ali V, Kopecky J. Synergistic induction of lipid catabolism and anti-inflammatory lipids in white fat of dietary obese mice in response to calorie restriction and n-3 fatty acids. Diabetologia. 2011;54:2626–38.PubMed

Flachs P, Rossmeisl M, Kuda O, Kopecky J. Stimulation of mitochondrial oxidative capacity in white fat independent of UCP1: a key to lean phenotype. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1831:986–1003.PubMed

Fonseca V. Effect of thiazolidinediones on body weight in patients with diabetes mellitus. Am J Med. 2003;115(Suppl 8A):42–8S.

Frayn KN. Visceral fat and insulin resistance–causative or correlative? Br J Nutr. 2000;83(Suppl 1):S71–7.PubMed

Frayn KN. Obesity and metabolic disease: is adipose tissue the culprit? Proc Nutr Soc. 2005;64:7–13.PubMed

Frontini A, Cinti S. Distribution and development of brown adipocytes in the murine and human adipose organ. Cell Metab. 2010;11:253–6.PubMed

Frontini A, Vitali A, Perugini J, Murano I, Romiti C, Ricquier D, Guerrieri M, Cinti S. White-to-brown transdifferentiation of omental adipocytes in patients affected by pheochromocytoma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2013;1831:950–9.PubMed

Galli SJ, Borregaard N, Wynn TA. Phenotypic and functional plasticity of cells of innate immunity: macrophages, mast cells and neutrophils. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1035–44.PubMedCentralPubMed

Gavrilova O, Marcus-Samuels B, Graham D, Kim JK, Shulman GI, Castle AL, Vinson C, Eckhaus M, Reitman ML. Surgical implantation of adipose tissue reverses diabetes in lipoatrophic mice. J Clin Invest. 2000;105:271–8.PubMedCentralPubMed

Gburcik V, Cawthorn WP, Nedergaard J, Timmons JA, Cannon B. An essential role for Tbx15 in the differentiation of brown and “brite” but not white adipocytes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012;303(8):E1053–60.PubMed

Girousse A, Langin D. Adipocyte lipases and lipid droplet-associated proteins: insight from transgenic mouse models. Int J Obes (Lond). 2012;36:581–94.

Gonzalez-Periz A, Claria J. Resolution of adipose tissue inflammation. Sci World J. 2010;10:832–56.

Granneman JG, Li P, Zhu Z, Lu Y. Metabolic and cellular plasticity in white adipose tissue I: effects of beta3-adrenergic receptor activation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;289:E608–16.PubMed

Guan HP, Li Y, Jensen MV, Newgard CB, Steppan CM, Lazar MA. A futile metabolic cycle activated in adipocytes by antidiabetic agents. Nat Med. 2002;8:1122–8.PubMed

Guerra C, Koza RA, Yamashita H, King KW, Kozak LP. Emergence of brown adipocytes in white fat in mice is under genetic control. Effects on body weight and adiposity. J Clin Invest. 1998;102:412–20.PubMedCentralPubMed

Haemmerle G, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Gorkiewicz G, Meyer C, Rozman J, Heldmaier G, Maier R, Theussl C, Eder S, Kratky D, Wagner EF, Klingenspor M, Hoefler G, Zechner R. Defective lipolysis and altered energy metabolism in mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase. Science. 2006;312:734–7.PubMed

Haemmerle G, Moustafa T, Woelkart G, Buttner S, Schmidt A, van de Weijer T, Hesselink M, Jaeger D, Kienesberger PC, Zierler K, Schreiber R, Eichmann T, Kolb D, Kotzbeck P, Schweiger M, Kumari M, Eder S, Schoiswohl G, Wongsiriroj N, Pollak NM, Radner FP, Preiss-Landl K, Kolbe T, Rulicke T, Pieske B, Trauner M, Lass A, Zimmermann R, Hoefler G, Cinti S, Kershaw EE, Schrauwen P, Madeo F, Mayer B, Zechner R. ATGL-mediated fat catabolism regulates cardiac mitochondrial function via PPAR-alpha and PGC-1. Nat Med. 2011;17:1076–85.PubMedCentralPubMed

Hahn T, Alvarez I, Kobie JJ, Ramanathapuram L, Dial S, Fulton A, Besselsen D, Walker E, Akporiaye ET. Short-term dietary administration of celecoxib enhances the efficacy of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cell vaccines in treating murine breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2006;118:2220–31.PubMed

Hallgren P, Raddatz E, Bergh CH, Kucera P, Sjostrom L. Oxygen consumption in collagenase-liberated rat adipocytes in relation to cell size and age. Metabolism. 1984;33:897–900.PubMed

Hallgren P, Sjostrom L, Hedlund H, Lundell L, Olbe L. Influence of age, fat cell weight, and obesity on O₂ consumption of human adipose tissue. Am J Physiol. 1989;256:E467–74.PubMed

Hanson RW, Reshef L. Glyceroneogenesis revisited. Biochimie. 2003;85:1199–205.PubMed

Heilbronn L, Smith SR, Ravussin E. Failure of fat cell proliferation, mitochondrial function and fat oxidation results in ectopic fat storage, insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(Suppl 4):S12–21.PubMed

Himms-Hagen J. Role of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue in the regulation of energy balance. In: Hollenberg CH, Roncardi DAK, editors. The adipose and obesity: cellular and molecular mechanisms. New York: Raven Press; 1983. pp. 259–70.

Hondares E, Rosell M, Gonzalez FJ, Giralt M, Iglesias R, Villarroya F. Hepatic FGF21 expression is induced at birth via PPARalpha in response to milk intake and contributes to thermogenic activation of neonatal brown fat. Cell Metab. 2010;11:206–12.PubMedCentralPubMed

Hondares E, Rosell M, Diaz-Delfin J, Olmos Y, Monsalve M, Iglesias R, Villarroya F, Giralt M. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) induces PPARgamma coactivator 1alpha (PGC-1alpha) gene expression and contributes to thermogenic activation of brown fat: involvement of PRDM16. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:43112–22.PubMedCentralPubMed

Houstek J, Kopecky J, Rychter Z, Soukup T. Uncoupling protein in embryonic brown adipose tissue—existence of nonthermogenic and thermogenic mitochondria. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988;935:19–25.PubMed

Houstek J, Janikova D, Bednar J, Kopecky J, Sebestian J, Soukup T. Postnatal appearance of uncoupling protein and formation of thermogenic mitochondria in hamster brown adipose tissue. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1990;1015:441–9.PubMed

Houstek J, Vizek K, Pavelka S, Kopecky J, Krejcova E, Hermanska E, Cermakova S. Type II iodothyronine 5ʹ-deiodinase and uncoupling protein in brown adipose tissue of human newborns. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993a;77:382–7.

Houstek J, Vizek K, Pavelka S, Kopecky J, Krejcova E, Hermanska J, Cermakova M. Development of type II iodothyronine deiodinase and thermogenic function of brown fat in human newborns. Glasgow: IUPS; 1993b.